軍隊文職數(shù)一跟考研_軍隊文職考試

解放軍文職招聘考試考研短文寫作總論-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育

（1）考官閱卷規(guī)律考研作文的讀者是閱卷考官，因此充分掌握考官的閱讀和評分心理是我們制勝的一大法寶。那么，閱卷考官在評分過程中都會呈現(xiàn)出什么樣的特點呢？具體的注意事項總結(jié)如下：（2）英文作文的行文特點和思維模式美國一位著名的語言學(xué)家Kaplan曾經(jīng)在20世紀70年代作過一項關(guān)于在美國的本土學(xué)生、亞洲學(xué)生和阿拉伯學(xué)生在寫英文作文中體現(xiàn)出的思維方式及其背后的文化影響的調(diào)查，并發(fā)表了一篇著名的論文，提出了三種思維模式引發(fā)的寫作模型。雖然考研作文的閱卷考官們大部分都是中國人，但是他們的英語水平都很高、造詣也很深，對于英文的行文規(guī)律了如指掌。因此，考生要盡量學(xué)會英文的寫作模式，尤其要重視主題句的作用。簡單來說，英文議論文的行文有以下特點：1、結(jié)構(gòu)分明、意圖明確。2、扣緊主題、切勿離題。3、句子不必過長，嚴防語法錯誤。4、適量引用名人名言、成語諺語。5、用清晰的語言指出問題。6、使用更多的連接詞。（3）圖畫作文和圖表作文的寫作策略我們認為，接下來幾年的研究生考試中，圖畫作文出現(xiàn)的概率遠遠大于圖表作文。考生要重視圖畫作文的能力訓(xùn)練，但是也不能完全忽略圖表作文。下文將具體闡述應(yīng)對這兩種作文形式的要點和攻略。一、圖畫+提綱作文圖畫作文往往給出的是一幅簡潔明了的照片、圖片或者漫畫，要求考生將圖畫轉(zhuǎn)變成為文字形式。盡管中國學(xué)生從小學(xué)開始就接受了看圖作文的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，但是我們不能因此掉以輕心。首先，英文看圖作文和中文看圖作文的模式和思維體系是不同的。其次，考研作文的圖畫選擇都是含有豐富的寓意的，對考生提出了 把握寓意、聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實、深刻思考、豐富表達 等一系列較高的要求。我們認為攻克圖畫作文的關(guān)鍵在于仔細分析、觀察細節(jié)。雖然考研寫作時間非常緊張，但是花2-3分鐘細心觀察圖畫是具有決定性意義的。觀察圖畫的同時可以在草稿紙上作相應(yīng)的筆記：1、寫出你認為圖畫中反映的是一個什么樣的社會現(xiàn)象和問題；2、簡單寫下圖畫中的一些細節(jié)，如2001年作文中的蠟燭燭光是以一個笑臉的形式體現(xiàn)出來的。迅速分析這些細節(jié)，標明哪些是重點、哪些是次重點、哪些無關(guān)緊要，在寫作的時候便能夠自如把握需要詳細描述的信息。3、查漏補缺。檢查是否有遺漏的信息，因為越是簡單的圖畫就越容易使人忽略一些細節(jié)。例如在2005年的圖畫中，如果仔細觀察可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，是大兒子把父親踢了出來，而其他幾個兒女是做防守動作，防止老父被踢到自己的球門。當然在發(fā)現(xiàn)遺漏的信息之后也需要進一步判斷是否需要將這一信息加入自己的作文中。需要說明的是，我們這里指的提綱不是考題中已經(jīng)給出的提綱，而是根據(jù)考題的提綱寫出自己的行文思路、大意和要點等。接下來就是正式的寫作步驟。我們來詳細分析一下三段的具體寫作要點（我們在本書的 高分句型 和 萬能模版 部分將分別提供對每一個段落行之有效的句型和模版）：1、第一段主要是描述圖畫中的信息和表達的含義?？忌诘谝痪湓捴袘?yīng)該開門見山地說明圖畫中談?wù)摰氖鞘裁词虑?；第二句話進一步描述細節(jié)、但不要用于第一句話相同的表達方式；第三句話點明圖畫的象征意義。注意點：如果圖中有中文說明的話，要盡量將中文句子譯出或者以其他方式表達出來。但切忌生硬地翻譯中文，如1998年作文中的那首打油詩就沒有必要翻譯出來。2、第二段的全文的重點，一般都是要求具體分析圖畫中暗含的社會現(xiàn)象?？忌谔岢鲆粋€總論點之后，可以通過 firstly, secondly, thirdly 等形式提出分支論點，進行詳細闡發(fā)。在論證過程中可以采用并列論證、對比論證、舉例論證、邏輯論證等方式。注意點：第二段和第三段的開頭最好寫一個主題句，既可以防止離題，又符合英文寫作的習(xí)慣。同時，全文的段與段之間、句與句之間做好銜接和過渡的工作。二、圖表+ 提綱作文考研作文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的圖表作文包括1997年的柱狀圖（bar chart）和餅狀圖（pie chart），1999年的曲線圖（line chart / line graph）。其它常見的圖表還包括表格（table）、流程圖（flow chart）等。在進行寫作之前，我們同樣要觀察和分析圖表。此時我們需要帶著問題去觀察：這個圖表或者這組圖表是關(guān)于什么內(nèi)容的；圖表中有哪些具體項目組成、分別有什么作用和含義；圖表中有哪些重要數(shù)據(jù)（可以用鉛筆在圖中圈出）；如何分析這些數(shù)據(jù)，是把重點放在數(shù)據(jù)本身，還是重點分析數(shù)據(jù)變化的趨勢。如果是一組圖表，還要分析彼此之間有什么樣的關(guān)聯(lián)；如果從圖表中得出一個中心思想或者主題句。接下來的幾個寫作步驟可以參考上文關(guān)于圖畫作文的分析，具體包括列提綱和如何組織三段論、以及最后的檢查和修改等。此外，針對圖表作文的特點，我們還提出了以下一個注意點：1、不同的圖表本身就暗示了考生應(yīng)該關(guān)注的分析點。如柱狀圖和曲線圖重點在于指出變化趨勢，而餅狀圖則側(cè)重于各個部分的數(shù)值和所占百分比、即體現(xiàn)了整體和局部的關(guān)系，流程圖在于過程和各個階段的不同情況。以上四種圖表一般都會有說明文字，如橫坐標和縱坐標上的說明等，需要格外關(guān)注。表格的難度相對要更高，需要考生自己找出重點數(shù)據(jù)、并仔細觀察數(shù)據(jù)來發(fā)現(xiàn)變化和趨勢等。無論哪種形式的圖表，考生萬勿簡單地羅列數(shù)據(jù)和信息，因為考研作文考察的重點是分析能力。2、要密切關(guān)注圖表上一些重點區(qū)位，如果曲線的峰值、谷值、突然的轉(zhuǎn)折，曲線的交匯點。其它圖表中數(shù)值的極值，數(shù)據(jù)或者百分比大幅度增加或者減少的地方等等，這些往往都是圖表暗含的中心意思所在。3、圖表寫作的事態(tài)采用一般現(xiàn)在時，如果題目中有具體關(guān)于過去和將來時間的提示，則根據(jù)情況采用過去時和將來時。4、圖表的描述也有一些固定的表達法，考生需要在平時練習(xí)中積累（本書 高分句型 部分也提供了豐富的表達法）。5、由于圖表往往提供了比圖畫更加豐富的信息，考生需要提高鑒別分析信息的能力，找出最重要的數(shù)據(jù)。由于數(shù)據(jù)繁多，也更容易遺漏，所以最后的查漏補缺工作也顯得尤其重要。（4）寫作注意事項u詞匯英語寫作講究用詞準確而且正式。同時，英語的詞匯非常豐富，一個詞語通常都有許多同義詞和近義詞。考生如果平時注意積累并加以練習(xí)，就能夠熟練在考試中運用。下面我們舉一些英語詞匯變化的例子。help out assist; set up to establish; go up increase;cut down reduce; find out determine; look into investigate;bring up raise; come up with create; go up and down fluctuategood considerable; get obtain; a lot of numerous;things that will happen consequencesu語法英文寫作非常講究語法，尤其是考研作文作為正式文體，需要注意以下幾點小細節(jié)：1、盡量少用縮寫形式。如don t, can t, won t寫做do not, cannot, will not等。2、用更加正式的否定形式。如not any寫做no, not much 寫做 little, not many 寫做few等。例如：He did notsay anywords.He said nowordsThere are not manychances available.There are fewchances available.3、盡量少用 etc. , and so on 等表達方式。例如：Activities include dancing, singing, etc.Activities include dancing, singing, and other fun stuff.4、盡量把副詞和動詞放在一起。例如：Consequentlywe may arrive at the conclusion thatWe may consequentlyarrive at the conclusion thatu標點英語中沒有頓號，在漢語需要頓號的情況下可以用逗號。漢語中的引言通常都是： 的格式，而英語中不用冒號，用逗號，如, .u常用程度和語句副詞常用的程度副詞包括：absolutely, almost, awfully, completely, considerably, deeply, entirely, exactly, extremely, fairly, greatly, hardly, immensely, increasingly, more and more, much, nearly, partly, perfectly, profoundly, quite, rather, scarcely, slightly, somehow, somewhat, thoroughly, to some extent, utterly, very.常用語句副詞包括：actually, admittedly, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, more importantly, naturally, surprisingly, obviously, perhaps, preferably, probably, possibly, strangely, superficially, surely, technically, theoretically, undeniably, unexpectedly, unfortunately.u常用邏輯連接詞因果關(guān)系： and so ; another important factor/reason ; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that ; in view of; owing to; since; so; so that ; the reason seems obvious; there are about ; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently并列關(guān)系：and; also; as well as; both and ; either or ; neither nor ; not only but also ; in the same way; too序列關(guān)系: first , second , third , and so forth; A , B , C , and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon遞進關(guān)系：accordingly; as a popular saying goes ; as far as is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to ; in other words; in the first place , in the second place ; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only , but also ; not but ; lastly; for one thing , for another時空關(guān)系：afterwards; as soon as; at least; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of條件關(guān)系：as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless重復(fù)關(guān)系：in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above比較關(guān)系：apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact舉例關(guān)系：a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in anothercase; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; accordingto; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take as an example; you may say對比關(guān)系：after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand on the other hand ; contrary to; conversely unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while強調(diào)關(guān)系：definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention ; what is more important; notably; that is;總結(jié)關(guān)系：accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion;overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that ; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; hence; all in all（5）提高寫作能力的整體策略和技巧眾所周知， 一口吃不成一個大胖子 ，應(yīng)對考研寫作不僅僅需要考生在考試之前進行強化訓(xùn)練，更需要在平時堅持練習(xí)和積累。1、背誦范文背誦范文就是一個很好的方法，通過朗讀和背誦，考生能夠迅速掌握并牢記各種精彩詞匯、詞組和句型，更能夠大大增強英語語感。而掌握語感是學(xué)會另一門語言的關(guān)鍵所在，也是一條捷徑。2、擴大詞匯量例如，我們可以查到 show 的同義詞有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 等。conclude 的同義詞有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,greatly 的同義詞有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這其中的很多詞語都可以用到考研作文中。3、擴大閱讀量。學(xué)習(xí)語言就要增大閱讀量?？忌梢栽谄綍r選取一些休閑類的英語讀物用作準備考研的緊張生活中的一種調(diào)劑，如曾經(jīng)風靡一時的 書蟲 系列等?，F(xiàn)在這類讀物在書店中隨處可見，非常容易買到。在閱讀過程中，考生要做一個有心人，隨時記下自己認為較好的詞匯、詞組和句型。此外，還可以多看看英語報紙雜志，不僅可以學(xué)到最新的詞匯，也可以找到更多當前社會比較流行的話題，汲取不同的思路和觀點，這些都與考研作文有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)。現(xiàn)在這類出版物在國內(nèi)也越來越多，比如21st Century, China Daily等報紙，國外的雜志像有名的Times, Newsweekly, Economist等也都能夠較容易地買到過刊。不過我們不建議考生去讀大部頭的英文著作，一來消耗時間，二來大書中的詞匯反而不如報紙雜志上的靈活生動、貼近生活。4、糾正中文思維5、考前作文復(fù)習(xí)步驟在自己搜集的資料基礎(chǔ)上，多看多讀多背，并盡量建立適合自己的各類作文模板。

解放軍文職招聘考試2009年考研英語真題和答案-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時間：2017-06-14 23:00:022009年考研英語真題和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. She adds, however, that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which we re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything, explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will... and Ms. Markova s business partner. That s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23. ruts (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markova s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that he s the kid s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don t force it. After all, that s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn t constrain the ability of the developing world s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles, New England s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people. One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . Our main end was to catch fish.36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture known as functionalism became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the survival of the fittest, in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world"s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. White pollution is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English1 5 BADBC 6 10 ADCBD11 15 DBCDA 16 20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21 25 ABCAA 26 30 ACDAB31 35 DBBAC 36 40 BBDACPart B41 45 CEABGPart C46. 可以說，任何社會制度的價值在于它對擴大和改進經(jīng)驗方面的影響，但是這種影響并不是它原來的動機的一部分。47. 一種制度的副產(chǎn)品，只是逐步被注意到的，而這種效果被視為實施這種制度的一個指導(dǎo)性因素更加緩慢得多。48. 在和他們接觸的時候，雖然容易忽略我們的行動對他們的傾向的影響，但是也不像與成年人打交道那么簡單。49. 既然我們的主要任務(wù)在于使年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住考慮我們是否在形成獲得這種能力的力量。50. 因此，我們可以在上面所考慮的廣闊的教育過程之內(nèi)區(qū)別出一種比較正規(guī)的教育，即直接的教導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育。Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. 應(yīng)用文參考范文Dear editor，I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now. As we know, being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life, some of us still take the white pollution for granted. Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life, and the white pollution now is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which greatly worsens our environment.To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest that: firstly, our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment; secondly, new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials; thirdly, the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people s awareness of environment.I hope that my suggestions are helpful, thank you for your attention!Sincerely yours，Li MingPart B52. 短文寫作參考范文In the drawing, what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web, on which innumerable people are attached, like the catch of the owner of the web. What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins, choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face.There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. However, it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience, and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method. Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world. The following reasons may be contribute to the phenomenon. To begin with, people in mounting numbers, who are vividly called netters, indulge in on-line activities, because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it. The Internet, in particular, moving forward with an unimaginable speed, provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others, which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover, the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation, which results in people s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.Hence, it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication between people. The joint efforts of the specialists, the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.

解放軍文職招聘考試2018年考研英語基礎(chǔ)課（詞匯、語法難句與閱讀基礎(chǔ)） 課堂精講與復(fù)習(xí)備考的真題語料（5）-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育

解放軍文職招聘考試2018年考研英語基礎(chǔ)課（詞匯、語法難句與閱讀基礎(chǔ)） 課堂精講與復(fù)習(xí)備考的真題語料（5）發(fā)布時間：2017-06-11 14:17:002018年考研英語基礎(chǔ)課（詞匯、語法難句與閱讀基礎(chǔ)）課堂精講與復(fù)習(xí)備考的真題語料（5）03-1Text 1[1-1]Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.[1-2]The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.[1-3]Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage spying as a profession.[1-4]These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well.[2-1]The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen s e-mail.[2-2]That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.[2-3]In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.[2-4]The spooks call it open-source intelligence , and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential.[2-5]In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.[2-6]The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.[3-1]Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.[3-2]Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.[3-3]Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.[4-1]Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster s dream.[4-2]Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.[4-3] As soon as that report runs, we ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine, says Friedman, a former political science professor.[4-4] And we ll hear back from some of them.[4-5]Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.[4-6]That s where Straitford earns its keep.[5-1]Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin.[5-2]Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.[5-3]He sees the firm s outsider status as the key to its success.[5-4]Straitford s briefs don t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.[5-5]Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has[A] received support from fans like Donovan.[B] remolded the intelligence services.[C] restored many common pastimes.[D] revived spying as a profession.22. Donovan s story is mentioned in the text to[A] introduce the topic of online spying.[B] show how he fought for the U.S.[C] give an episode of the information war.[D] honor his unique services to the CIA.23. The phrase making the biggest splash (line1, paragraph 3) most probably means[A] causing the biggest trouble.[B] exerting the greatest effort.[C] achieving the greatest success.[D] enjoying the widest popularity.24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that[A] Straitford s prediction about Ukraine has proved true.[B] Straiford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.[C] Straitford s business is characterized by unpredictability.[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.25. Straitford is most proud of its[A] official status.[B] nonconformist image.[C] efficient staff.[D] military background.03-2Text 2[1-1]To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.[1-2]One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.[1-3]Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.[1-4]Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research.[1-5]Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.[2-1]For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines.[2-2]Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.[2-3]When assured that they do, she replied, Then I would have to say yes.[2-4]Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.[2-5]Such well-meaning people just don t understand.[3-1]Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.[3-2]We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father s bypass operation, a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots.[3-3]To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.[4-1]Much can be done.[4-2]Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research.[4-3]They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.[4-4]Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.[4-5]Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.[4-6]If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke s words to[A] call on scientists to take some actions.[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research.[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is[A] cruel but natural.[B] inhuman and unacceptable.[C] inevitable but vicious.[D] pointless and wasteful.28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s[A] discontent with animal research.[B] ignorance about medical science.[C] indifference to epidemics.[D] anxiety about animal rights.29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should[A] communicate more with the public.[B] employ hi-tech means in research.[C] feel no shame for their cause.[D] strive to develop new cures.30．From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is[A] a well-known humanist.[B] a medical practitioner.[C] an enthusiast in animal rights.[D] a supporter of animal research.03-3Text 3[1-1]In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.[1-2]As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.[1-3]Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.[2-1]Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.[2-2]Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.[2-3]But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.[3-1]The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.[3-2]Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.[3-3]Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.[4-1]Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone s cost.[4-2]If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.[4-3]It s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.[4-4] Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.[5-1]Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.[5-2]The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.[5-3]Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.[5-4]Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.[5-5]Conrail s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.[5-6]Who s going to pay for the rest of the bill?[5-7]Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because[A] cost reduction is based on competition.[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.32. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word arbiters (line 8, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those[A] who work as coordinators.[B] who function as judges.[C] who supervise transactions.[D] who determine the price.35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by[A] the continuing acquisition.[B] the growing traffic.[C] the cheering Wall Street.[D] the shrinking market.03-4Text 4[1-1]It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.[1-2]Small wonder.[1-3]Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.[1-4]Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.[1-5]Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.[1-6]But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.[2-1]Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.[2-2]We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.[2-3]Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it s useless.[2-4]The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.[2-5]Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.[3-1]In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care.[3-2]In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion.[3-3]Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.[3-4]Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.[3-5]Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age say 83 or so.[3-6]Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm have a duty to die and get out of the way so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.[4-1]I would not go that far.[4-2]Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.[4-3]At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.[4-4]Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.[4-5]These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.[4-6]As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.[5-1]Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.[5-2]As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.[5-3]I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.[5-3]As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people s lives.36. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that[A] medical resources are often wasted.[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.[C] some treatments are too aggressive.[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable.38. The author s attitude toward Richard Lamm s remark is one of[A] strong disapproval.[B] reserved consent.[C] slight contempt.[D] enthusiastic support.39. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care[A] more flexibly.[B] more extravagantly.[C] more cautiously.[D] more reasonably.40. The text intends to express the idea that[A] medicine will further prolong people s lives.[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life.[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care.2018年考研英語基礎(chǔ)課（詞匯、語法難句與閱讀基礎(chǔ)）課堂精講與復(fù)習(xí)備考的真題語料（6）02-1Text 1[1-1]If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.[1-2]Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.[1-3]Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.[1-4]If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.[2-1]Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.[2-2]A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter.[2-3]He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.[2-4]Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.[2-5] Who is that? the new arrival asked St. Peter.[2-6] Oh, that s God, came the reply, but sometimes he thinks he s a doctor.[3-1]If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman s notorious bad taste in ties.[3-2]With other audiences you mustn t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.[3-3]You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.[4-1]If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.[4-2]Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.[4-3]Often it s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.[5-1]Look for the humor.[5-2]It often comes from the unexpected.[5-3]A twist on a familiar quote If at first you don t succeed, give up or a play on words or on a situation.[5-4]Search for exaggeration and understatements.[5-5]Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience.[B] make fun of the disorganized people.[C] address different problems to different people.[D] show sympathy for your listeners.22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are[A] impolite to new arrivals.[B] very conscious of their godlike role.[C] entitled to some privileges.[D] very busy even during lunch hours.23. It can be inferred from the text that public services[A] have benefited many people.[B] are the focus of public attention.[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor.[D] have often been the laughing stock.24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered[A] in well-worded language.[B] as awkwardly as possible.[C] in exaggerated statements.[D] as casually as possible.25. The best title for the text may be[A] Use Humor Effectively.[B] Various Kinds of Humor.[C] Add Humor to Speech.[D] Different Humor Strategies.02-2Text 2[1-1]Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.[1-2]That compulsion has resulted in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.[1-3]And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.[2-1]As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.[2-2]Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.[2-3]Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction.[2-4]Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.[2-5]And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.[3-1]But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a real challenge.[3-2] While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.[4-1]Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.[4-2]Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.[5-1]What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined.[5-2]They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.[5-3]But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.[5-4]The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word gizmos (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means[A] programs.[B] experts.[C] devices.[D] creatures.28. According to the text, what is beyond man s ability now is to design a robot that can[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.02-3Text 3[1-1]Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?[1-2]Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $ 10 last December.[1-3]This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.[1-4]Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.[1-5]So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?[2-1]The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.[2-2]Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.[3-1]Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.[3-2]In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.[3-3]In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.[4-1]Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.[4-2]Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.[4-3]Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.[4-4]For each dollar of GDP (inconstant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.[4-5]The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $ 22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $ 13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of GDP.[4-6]That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980.[4-7]On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies to which heavy industry has shifted have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.[5-1]One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.[5-2]A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.[5-3]The Economist s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.[5-4]In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is[A] global inflation.[B] reduction in supply.[C] fast growth in economy.[D] Iraq s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if[A] price of crude rises.[B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises.[D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now.[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems[A] optimistic.[B] sensitive.[C] gloomy.[D] scared.02-4Text 4[1-1]The Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.[2-1]Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.[3-1]Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.[4-1]Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.[5-1]George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.[5-2] It s like surgery, he says.[5-3] We don t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.[5-4]If you re a physician, you can risk your patient s suicide as long as you don t intend their suicide.[6-1]On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.[7-1]Just three weeks before the Court s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.[7-2]It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care.[8-1]The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.[9-1]Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.[9-2] Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse.[9-3]He says medical licensing boards must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.37. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is[A] prolonged medical procedures.[B] inadequate treatment of pain.[C] systematic drug abuse.[D] insufficient hospital care.39. Which of the following best defines the word aggressive (line 4, paragraph 7)?[A] Bold.[B] Harmful.[C] Careless.[D] Desperate.40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they[A] manage their patients incompetently.[B] give patients more medicine than needed.[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients.復(fù)習(xí)2001復(fù)習(xí)2000復(fù)習(xí)1999復(fù)習(xí)1998復(fù)習(xí)19972018年考研英語基礎(chǔ)課（詞匯、語法難句與閱讀基礎(chǔ)）課堂精講與復(fù)習(xí)備考的真題語料（3）6月16日One Belt and One Road exhibitionOrganized by institutions including the China Arts Festival Foundation and the China Institute for Innovation and Development Strategy, the Silk Road Culture and Art Exhibition will open to the public on December 28 in Beijing. The exhibition will display B R-themed artworks including traditional Chinese paintings and calligraphy works, as well as contemporary oil paintings focusing on the Belt and Road initiative by veteran Chinese artists. (65 words)The development of culture and that of the economy along the Silk Road is complementary, just like the two wheels of a cart or the two wings of a bird.We should take the B R initiative as an opportunity to promote our culture to the world. The B R initiative is sure to provide Chinese artists new ideas for the creation of art. (62 words)6月17日Empty nest /raising a child to care for you in old age17-04-28 P12-13The concept of raising a child to care for you in old age was never a formal law, but has existed for centuries.About 1,000 years ago, Chen Yuanliang, a writer in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) developed this concept. In line with traditional Confucian thought, the concept passed on from generation to generation.For centuries, Chinese people followed the concept of raising a child to care for you in old age. But in recent years, this concept has come under pressurein the face of China"s rapid development.Parents may well have to live apart from their only child in their old age, with no relative to look after them since children no longer want to live in their hometowns. While many netizens were sympathetic with the parents, many others also argued that it"s selfish for parents to demand their child throw away their dreams just to take care of them.Furthermore, because of the decades-long one-child policy, Chinese children face more pressure to take care of their parents than ever before. When grown, one child faces having four grandparents and two parents to take care of and no sibling with which they can share the burden.Such family story has aroused widespread discussion online, becoming one of the most popular news topics on social media. The case has touched on one of the most important issues facing a society going through rapid changes, what are our responsibilities to our elderly family members?It"s nice for children to have their dreams, but they need to think of their parents.There are still many gaps in the government"s old-age pension and care system. The current system, both public and private, cannot meet the needs of the growing elderly population.[數(shù)據(jù)]In 2016, China Youth Daily conducted a multiple-choice online survey on raising a child to care for you in old age.Out of the 2,002 respondents, 47% said they support this concept, 38.5% said they will consider it, while 39.8% said they don"t and 64.4% believe this mode is gradually fading.When talking about what they will do when they are elderly, 57.7% said they would choose to live with a partner or alone, 47.8% said they will choose to receive community-based care and 44% will live at a home, while only 28.1% say they want to live with their children.The data shows a changing reality and mindset. Nowadays, it is more and more difficult for children to stay and care for their parents in their old age.[數(shù)據(jù)]China has a huge number of senior citizens, who together are a heavy burden on the government.National Bureau of Statistics" data shows that in 2016, there were over 210 million people in China aged over 60. The bureau estimates that by 2030, there will be over 300 million elderly people in China.Official rhetoric concerning elderly care has also been shifting away from emphasizing children caring for parents. Just 10 years ago, some members of the Chinese People"s Political Consultative Conference have suggested the elderly depend on their homes to provide for their old age. Later on, some projects were proposed in which the elderly would mortgage their house in return for cash which could be spent on care.Building an elderly care system entirely dependent on government welfare is unrealistic. There are too many old people for the government to take care of.The elderly care industry is not prepared for the coming aging society and can only provide services for a few. In 2012, there were only enough elderly care homes nationwide to provide for 3 million seniors, which amounts to about 21 beds for every 1,000 elderly people. By 2014, the number had only increased to 25 beds per every 1,000 elderly.Under such circumstances, it is understandable that the elderly see little other choice than depending on their children.6月18日Balancing duty and freedom17-04-28 MB03What should a healthy relationship between parents and their children look like? What pops into my mind is one word: boundaries.A lack of boundaries is the key problem behind many family issues. Child is the center of the whole family and shoulders all the hopes and dreams that his/her parents want for themselves. When he/she get into a university, parents say that he/she has finally made them proud so that they can hold their heads high. Sounds pretty familiar, right?Many Chinese parents have said something similar to their kids. Deep down in many Chinese parents hearts, their child is not an independent and complete individual but something that belongs to them or is even part of them.To some extent, sending their child to college is like fulfilling a dream for themselves. So, it"s not hard to understand why some parents would expect their child to live their life the way they, the parents, want.Surely, you would say that every parent loves their kid and wants their company when he or she gets old. I think it is reasonable. Filial piety is a part of the Chinese tradition. However, it cannot be used as an excuse for people to deny their offspring"s right to choose their own life. That is not love. It"s a form of possession in the guise of love.I still remember what my mom said when I asked whether she regretted supporting me on a life journey that takes me further and further away from home.She said, Your happiness and future matter the most. I will be happy for you as long as you are happy yourself.This is what mature and true love is like, and I"m very grateful and lucky to have it and learn from it.Children should be more independent too, both economically and mentally. Spending all your parents" hard-earned money for higher education is not common in Western countries. Young people should try to be more financially independent and help relieve their parents" burden by applying for scholarships and doing part-time jobs. Academic pursuits should be your own responsibility, not a burden to your family members. Again, the keyword here is boundaries.Also, living far away from home doesn"t mean that you should ignore your parents. In the context of the Chinese traditional culture and social system, sons and daughters should take care of their elders and are duty-bound to support their parents by law.Regular visits and emotional and financial support are the basis for repaying someone who raised you, don"t you think so?6月19日Read a book why don t youDong Qing"s hot new hit show Readers has certainly struck a chord with viewers, reminding them of the value of a good book and reading.What"s really interesting is how ancient history is covered and how poets are given their long-overdue credit. It brings a sense of culture and elegance to light.In a world that is sometimes lost in the shallowness and banality of life, this series is one to reckon with the senses.I was pulled in by the show, which is something that does not often happen with TV shows anymore.The participants came from different industries and were very detail-oriented. There were endearing moments, some with tears and also moments of laughter.I sincerely admire the quality of the work and feel inspired.With modern technology, like most of China"s greats, reading is also disappearing.I sometimes feel sad because it distances us from the treasures left by the wiser older generation. But I"m not here to deny modern technology.Why don"t we place a book in our bag as we go to work or school?Whether we"re on the metro, a bus or waiting in a bank, we can take out a book and read a paragraph instead of wasting time on the phone.In other words, like the classics and the older generation, bring the good habit back. (224 words)Bullet trainsI love the concept behind China"s bullet trains. I"ve enjoyed traveling around the country on them.They are always on time, convenient and reasonably priced. They are also very clean and operate on a stable system that makes the passenger feel safe.China ought to be extremely proud of its train system. It"s really at the top of the world"s standards.6月20日A Tale of two cities17-04-26 P20People walk on top of the city wall in Xi"an, Shaanxi Province.An ancient capital for a large part of China"s history, Xi"an, now the capital of Northwest China"s Shaanxi Province, is regarded as one of the world"s four great ancient cities along with Athens, Rome and Cairo.Formerly known as Chang"an, Xi"an is not just famous for being the capital city during a number of dynasties, it is also famous for being the starting point of the ancient Silk Road.Considering its long history, it"s only natural that Xi"an boasts a large number of historic sites, especially some rare sites dating back to the Zhou (1046BC-256BC), Qin (221BC-206BC), Han (206BC-AD220) and Tang (618-907) dynasties. These connections to the past have created a unique cultural atmosphere that permeates throughout the city.For most visitors, the Terracotta Army is a must-see historical site more than a half-hour drive from the city center.Historical sites such as the Great Wild Goose Pagoda and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda, which housed Buddhist writings in the past, as well as the Tang Dynasty Furong Palace, the Huaqing Hot Springs and Famen Temple are also areas that visitors should not miss.During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, many foreigners came to the city for trade and to learn about Chinese culture. Emperor Taizong (598-649) ordered an area be set aside for thesegroups so they could settle down. This area is now known as Hui Fang (Hui Community). The community is one of the most popular spots for tourists looking to get a taste of local food.For those with a sweet tooth, you may want to head to Yongxing Fang, where you can find many delicious desserts local to Shaanxi.Of these relic sites, six are listed on UNESCO"s World Heritage List, including the Terracatta Warriors, the Great Wild Goose Pagoda, the Small Wilde Goose Pagoda, the relic site of the Daming Palace of the Tang Dynasty, The Site of the Weiyang Palace of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-AD25) and the Xingjiao Temple Pagoda.City in a cityXi"an still has its ancient city wall.Built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the wall lies in the center of the city. Standing 12 meters high and 11.9 kilometers in length, the wall is more than 600 years old and is currently the most complete ancient city wall in China.Locals call the area inside the wall the old city. This is where lies the Drum Tower - widely acknowledged as the center of Xi"an, even though geographically speaking it is not actually at the center of the city anymore since Xi"an has expanded its city areas in recent decades.It was dusk when I climbed up stairs leading to the top of the wall. What I saw was an amazing scene in which the city"s modern buildings were kept out of the old city by a moat, while within the walls lay squat buildings built following traditional styles.Tourists can rent a bike and ride around on the wall for 45 yuan ($6.50) for a single bike for two hours, or 90 yuan ($13) for a tandem bicycle for the same amount of time.Since I prefer walking, I decided not to take a bike. As I walked along, the scent of flowers caught my attention. Curious, I popped my head out over the wall for a look and saw a wide green belt area nestled between the wall and the moat that was filled with white lilac trees that were in full bloom.On the old city side of the wall, hostels, inns, galleries, cafes and bars line the wall. All of them are inside buildings modeled after traditional architecture. My guide told me that this area is a favorite among young backpackers and foreigners who want to experience living in an ancient city.6月21日Tea Picking Festival opens in Anhui17-04-26 MB08A Swiss woman and her daughter play in the tea field.The third Tea Picking Festival is to open on April 15 in Ketan township, Lujiang county in Hefei, Anhui Province. More than 1,000 citizens in Hefei, mostly children, parents and teachers, will go to Hudong Biological Tea Park for a spring outing. The children will explore nature and feel the charm of the tea.The famous tea fields in Lujiang county, Baiyun Chunhao, covers an area of about 42.7 square kilometers. The county has initiated a series of favorable policies and new agriculture patterns to help the tea industry develop.6月22日A clean future[3] China has been reducing emissions since it made conserving energy and reducing the country"s carbon footprint part of its national strategy.[4] China will continue with its efforts to deal with climate change and actively participate in multilateral mechanisms to curb global warming, after US President Donald Trump announced his country"s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on climate change, which is aimed at curbing change by capping greenhouse gas emissions.[1] Scientists and international society at large believe that global warming may prove disastrous to the human race.[2] China has promised to fight global warming despite needing colossal amounts of power to fuel its industrial development. Shifting to clean energy-generating methods is a major part of reducing carbon emissions.[數(shù)據(jù)] According to the 13th Energy Development Five-Year Plan, released in 2017, China will continue developing clean energy capacity and reducing its reliance on fossil fuel. Coal will go from supplying 66 percent of China"s energy in 2015 to 58 percent in 2020. Greater utilization of more efficient natural gas will account for around 10 percent of energy consumption by then.[數(shù)據(jù)] With all these efforts, per GDP unit carbon emissions will be reduced by 40-45 percent by 2020 from 2005 levels.[數(shù)據(jù)] In order to achieve this goal, non-fossil fuels will account for 15 percent of all energy consumption by 2020, up from 11.8 percent in 2015. The figure is expected to grow to 20 percent by 2030. Hydropower, solar energy, wind and nuclear power are China"s major sources of renewable energy.[數(shù)據(jù)] China already has the world"s largest clean energy capacity, and in 2015, the country"s investment in clean energy exceeded $100 billion, accounting for one-third of the world"s total, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency. More investment will pour in the field in order for wind-generated power capacity to reach 210 million kilowatts by 2020, and 500 million kilowatts by 2030; solar power capacity will reach 110 million kilowatts in 2020 and 600 million kilowatts in 2030.[數(shù)據(jù)] China is also home to the world"s fastest growing nuclear power generating capacity. Currently China is in fourth place in terms of total nuclear power capacity after the US, France and Russia, with 34 generators. But there are 20 generators under construction, and by 2020, the country will have more than 90 generators, second only to the US.6月23日As more people begin to use shared bikes for their daily commute, careless parking in public spaces has come with the popularity of shared bikes. It is no longer uncommon to see subway entrances,hutong, and entrances to residential compounds choked with shared bicycles, and it"s worse during public holidays. Both residents and tourists are inconvenienced. Complaints are made on social media.Uncivilized behaviors must be stopped. The users of civilized behavior should get credit on their social account and those who do not abide by the rules will lose their social credit.6月24日Taking care of trashAccording to the Xinhua News Agency, China"s 246 big- and medium-sized cities produced 185.64 million tons of household garbage in 2015.A 2015 report released by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences showed that only 6.5 percent of the locals surveyed said they fully sort out garbage while 32 percent said they never did any kind of sorting.Beijing will have no more landfill space within the next five years, the China News Service reported on May 4, 2017. Meanwhile, incineration plants have long been a source of controversy in China, with residents in Hunan, Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces taking to the streets to protest against plans to build them nearby.In a plan of 2017 to enforce garbage sorting in 46 cities, China vowed to increase the household garbage recycling rate to 35 percent by the end of 2020 in the 46 cities. (142 words)It is well known that hazardous waste such as batteries and drugs, perishable rubbish such as meat and fruit, as well as recyclable materials, must all be sorted.Though China has been promoting garbage sorting since 2000, progress has been less than satisfying.Why, how to and what for?Unlike badhabits that can kill such as drunk driving or running a red light, leaving garbage unsorted causes invisible damage, and the cost of dealing with it is not shouldered by individuals.However, if trash is not sorted properly, waste cannot be fully reused or recycled, and the disposal process is harder.Currently, around 60 percent of household waste is buried and 30 percent is burned.Besides the impact on the environment and human health that burning or burying unsorted garbage has, the two approaches are not sustainable.Cleaner disposal practices, such as recycling, could potentially deal with as much as 70 percent of garbage within the next ten years. (160 words)It will still take the efforts of generations to form the habit of sorting household waste.We should set a bottom line for administrative bodies, which can no longer run away from their duties, or they will be held accountable.Restrictions and punishments could be instituted for business or individuals which do not sort waste, such as suspending garbage removal or charging expensive fees to take away unsorted waste.In severe cases, detentions could be handed out to those who repeatedly defy the sorting decree and cause considerable damage.(89 words)Several attempts to promote garbage sorting have been introduced in recent decades. For instance, Shanghai began sorting organic and inorganic garbage in 1995, and then started classifying garbage into glass, hazardous waste, recyclable waste and other waste in 2008.In 2011, Shanghai redesigned its public dustbins to contain either kitchen garbage or other garbage in an attempt to get locals to separate wet and dry waste themselves.(67 words)6月25日China"s online bike-sharing platforms have increased rapidly, with more than 30 service providers nationwide. More than 10 million bikes have been put onto the market and more than 100 million people have registered to use the services.The booming industry has benefited short-distance transportation, facilitated connections between bus and subway services in the cities, and better satisfied public demand. It has also helped ease traffic jams and contributed to the country"s building of a green transport system. However, disorderly management has also brought some problems and potential safety risks.To tackle those problems, local governments, such as in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Hangzhou, should release documents on regulation of bike-sharing services to ensure its healthy development. On the basis of collecting public opinions on the services and the existing management rules of local governments, the Ministry of Transport should issue a guideline on encouraging and regulating bike-sharing services.The government should also increase funding to build bike-based transport networks and regulate the parking areas of bike-sharing services more strictly to solve the problem of disorderly parking. Education campaigns must also be carried out to raise the awareness of bike users of abiding by bike parking rules.6月26日May 31, 2017A trip is one of the must-dos for university studentsThe trips have become a popular choice for many young people. Lately, university students have been planning a trip at home or abroad. Some students say: A trip is one of the must-dos for college students. It seems like our university life will be completed only after doing it. It"s part of the ritual to our student time and preparation to enter another phase of life. (54 words)To spend several days seeing a different view gives students not only unforgettable memories but also different meanings that may change their views of the world and influence their later lives.They"ve learned a lot about the world from books, the internet and chats with friends, so it is natural that they want to see them in person. Some students say that they really want to experience the scenes that appear in movies, dramas or cartoons and the cultural differences that they experience will offer a chance for them to reflect upon their life.As the only child of their family, they almost has had no chance to travel so far on their own for a long time, because their parents constantly worry about their safety.They want to face the unknown world on their own, and they really enjoyed such traveling. For example, it"s so comfortable for them to sit quietly on the bus to circle around a city that it reminds them of their hometowns. They really enjoy meeting a lot of people. Talking with them give them inspiration.They often realize from trip chatting that people will finally pursue what they really want, so the most important thing is to find out what a person really wants.Besides the rich meaning that students get from their trips, the traveling with classmates is first and foremost for fun.The trip gives them a unique chance to know one another. We"ve grown closer by the trip"s end. But it seems a little bit late because we are going to say goodbye.The biggest impression is that time flies really fast. The freshness of being on the road will finally turn into a kind of unwillingness to part.But after the trip, I think they can face anything unexpected and accept any kind of people, who are considered strange by many others.After their trips, Some students say Now, we can deal with any kind of accident with a clear head. We"ve learned not to judge other people"s lives. The travel has strengthened our determination to do what we really want to do.6月27日2 JuneOnline entertainment enters "golden age"BookmarkShareWordsContact Writer[1]Statistics from Beijing-based internet consultancy Analysys showed that the number of paying users of internet videos will increase from 61.3 million in 2016 to 97.73 million in 2018. The revenue is expected to reach 15.1 billion yuan ($2.2 billion) in 2017. (41 words)[2] China rose rapidly in the mobile internet industry, with the number of mobile internet users surpassing 700 million in 2016, up 12 percent year-on-year. (21 words)Pay-to-watch is becoming popular and Chinese people are becoming accustomed to paying for online entertainment content, including online games, videos, literature, music and livestreaming platforms. (25 words)Chinese audiences are increasingly willing to purchase a variety of membership packages offered by the major video-streaming companies, to watch TV dramas and other content.[2] The habit of paying for what they watch is now forming. China"s online entertainment industry has entered a golden era as more and more Chinese consumers are willing to pay for online games, video, livestreaming platforms and other entertainment content. The market for paying users of livestreaming websites will continue its rapid growth in the next two to three years. We expect online content to be wide-ranging to satisfy different audience groups. There will be personalized, elaborate, value-added services as well.(81 words)6月28日Rumor mongering ought to be more harshly punishedIn 2013, the judicial authorities said for the first time that spreading rumors on the internet could be punished as the crime of provoking troubles, according to the Criminal Law. But the statement has not deterred some from starting and spreading rumorsSome rumors on food safety and environmental issues that have arisen since have not only disturbed the public and market order, but also undermined trust in the government.Legislation on cyberspace governance lags farther and farther behind the country"s needs. Lawmakers should expedite the making of a law to strictly define people"s legal rights and responsibilities in cyberspace.In the first place, the penalties for rumor makers and spreaders must be proportional to the consequences of the falsehoods.Only by means of a specific law and liabilities for those who break it will people"s awareness of the need to behave themselves in cyberspace be raised. (147 words)6月29日Real-life dramaWhen it comes to high-ranking officials, the most common comment I have heard is that, No officials are not involved in corruption . The recent hit show In the Name of the People vividly exposes the corrupted official environment, but at the same time, by depicting a positive image of several officials, I think it also helps boost the audience"s confidence in the Party and its ability to create a clean official environment.A country"s development needs good officials and support from the people. Such TV dramas can help deter potential corrupt officials and help people trust officials more. (98 words)6月30日Blueprint for better future17-04-28 Biz04-05The Xiongan New Area, which was announced on April 1, 2017, by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, is about 100 kilometers southeast of Beijing, and it will span three counties (Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin) that sit at the center of the triangular area formed by Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, Hebei"s provincial capital. So far, at least 40 centrally administrated State-owned enterprises have vowed to support the development of the new economic zone and companies in sectors like infrastructure and transportation will be the first to enter Xiongan. Although currently underdeveloped, Xiongan has large growth potential in the near future.