解放軍文職招聘考試《英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況》考試真題及參考答案（2009-2005） 全國(guó)2009年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試 英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
解放軍文職招聘考試《英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況》考試真題及參考答案（2009-2005）全國(guó)2009年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-2110:41:43《英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況》考試真題及參考答案（2009-2005）全國(guó)2009年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題課程代碼：00522I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1.Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIslesrefersto_______.A.GreatBritainB.IrelandC.theUnitedKingdomD.GreatBritainandIreland2.WhichofthefollowingkingswasresponsibleforthecompleteestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland?A.EdwardIB.HenryIIC.AlfredtheGreatD.WilliamtheConqueror3.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwas______.A.alimitationofthepowersofthekingB.aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheserfsC.alimitationofthepowersoftheChurchD.adeclarationofequalityamongallpeople4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheresultoftheBlackDeath?A.Muchlandwasleftuntended.B.Therewasaterribleshortageoflabour.C.Thesurvivingpeasantshadlosttheirpowerofbargaining.D.Landownerstendedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming.5.TheWarofRosesthattookplacefrom1455to1485wasfoughtbetween______.A.BritainandFranceB.theParliamentandtheCrownC.theworkingpeopleandthearistocratsD.twobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily6.TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,anditachieveditsfinestexpressionintheso-called______.A.RomanticpoetryB.RomanticfictionC.ElizabethanpoetryD.Elizabethandrama7.Britishconstitutionalmonarchyisasystemunderwhichthepowersofthe______arelimitedbyParliamentortheconstitution.A.churchB.kingorqueenC.governmentministersD.Bishopscourt8.TheToriesinBritainweretheforerunnersof______,whichstillbearsthisnicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalPartyC.theConservativePartyD.theSocialDemocraticParty9.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTincludedinthesix-pointdemandoftheChartistMovement?A.EqualelectoraldistrictsB.VotingbysecretballotC.ThevoteforalladultmalesD.Thevoteforalladultfemales10.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,Britainwasalliedwith______.A.TurkeyB.theCentralPowersC.FranceandRussiaD.GermanyandAustria-Hungary11.WhowasthemanthatledBritaininthecrisisoftheSecondWorldWar?A.GeorgeVIB.TheodoreRooseveltC.NevilleChamberlainD.SirWinstonChurchill12.ThenewpoliciesadoptedbyMrs.ThatcherandConservativeGovernmentafterthe1979electionwasknownas______.A.ThatcherismB.theNewDealC.NewFrontierD.Keynesianism13.Overthepastonethousandyears,theBritish______hasbeenbrokenonlyoncebetween1649and1660.A.CabinetB.ParliamentC.MonarchyD.PrivyCouncil14.WhohasthepowertoappointthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.TheQueenB.TheParliamentC.TheHouseofLordsD.TheChurchofEngland15.InBritain,afullmeetingof______iscalledonlywhenaSovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theParliamentC.theHouseofCommonsD.theHouseofLords16.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinvolvedintheBritishjudicialresponsibilities?A.AttorneyGeneralB.MinistryofJusticeC.TheLordChancellorD.TheHomeSecretary17.BankholidaysinBritainreferto______.A.officialpublicholidaysB.holidaysforthebanksonlyC.publicholidaysexceptforthebanksD.holidaysforthefinancialinstitutionsonly18.WhichstatementabouttheBritishuniversitiesisNOTtrue?A.Theyenjoyacademicfreedom.B.Theycannotappointtheirownstaff.C.Theyaregovernedbyroyalcharters.D.Theyprovidetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.19.______,themostpopularsportinEnglandaswellasinEurope,hasitstraditionalhomeinEnglandwhereitwasdevelopedinthe19thcentury.A.BasketballB.TennisC.FootballD.Baseball20.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.thePrimeMinisterB.theLordChancellorC.theHomeSecretaryD.theAttorneyGeneral21.WhichstatementaboutthePuritansisNOTtrue?A.ThePuritansdidnotallowreligiousdissent.B.ThePuritanswerepoorartisansandunskilledpeasants.C.TheyweredissatisfiedwiththepoliticalcorruptioninEngland.D.TheywenttotheUnitedStatestoestablishwhattheyconsideredthetruechurch.22.ThelargestracialandethnicminorityintheU.S.isthe______,whichaccountsover12.1%ofthepopulation.A.blacksB.AsiansC.IndiansD.Hispanics23.Thethreewell-knownauthorswhopennedtheFederalistPapersare______.A.ThomasJefferson,JamesMadisonandJohnJayB.GeorgeWashington,JamesMadisonandJohnJayC.AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnJayD.AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnAdams24.WhenAbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresident,thesouthernstatesbrokeawayandformedanewnationcalled______.A.theSouthernStatesofAmericaB.theFederalistStatesofAmericaC.theConfederateStatesofAmericaD.theAnti-confederateStatesofAmerica25.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandextensionofrailroadnetworkintheearly20thcenturyintheU.S.A.,thereappeared______.A.arapidgrowthofcitiesB.aninfluxofforeigngoodsC.anincreaseofurbanghettosD.agreatincreaseinthenumberoffarms26.Intheearly19thcentury,______activelyusedtheShermanAntitrustActtostopmonopolisticbusinessmergersintheUnitedStates.A.J.P.MorganB.WoodrowWilsonC.HenryRockefellerD.TheodoreRoosevelt27.TheRedScarein1919and1920wasatypicalexampleofAmerican______.A.religiousintoleranceB.intolerantnationalismC.ProgressiveMovementD.deregulationofbigtrusts28.Intheearly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationist,butthe______suddenlychangedthewholesituation,whichpropelledtheU.S.intotheSecondWorldWar.A.PearlHarborattackB.bombingofGuamislandC.seizingofAmericanmerchantshipsD.sinkingofAmericanpassengerships29.In1962,President______finallydecidedontheuseofnavalforcetopreventmilitarymaterialandarmsfromenteringCubaanddemandedSovietremovalofthemissilesthere.A.NixonB.TrumanC.JohnsonD.Kennedy30.In1853,inthe______,another30,000squaremilesofMexicanlandwereaddedtotheterritoryoftheU.S.A.A.AtlanticPurchaseB.MexicanPurchaseC.GadsdenPurchaseD.LouisianaPurchase31.ThefourproblemsthatfacetheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesare______.A.unemployment,inflation,financialcrisisandtradedeficitB.unemployment,inflation,financialdeficitandtradedeficitC.mortgagelosses,inflation,financialdeficitandtradedeficitD.unemployment,marketfailures,financialdeficitandtradedeficit32.WhichstatementabouttheU.S.ConstitutionisNOTtrue?A.Itisthesupremelawoftheland.B.Itistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.C.Itwasadoptedin1781attheSecondContinentalCongress.D.Itprovidesthebasisforpoliticalstability,economicgrowthandsocialprogress.33.TheAmericanPresidentusuallytakesanoathofoffice,administeredbythe______oftheUnitedStatesinJanuary.A.ChiefJusticeB.HouseSpeakerC.SecretaryofStateD.SenateMajorityLeader34.TheU.S.Constitutionprovidesthatthe______shallbePresidentoftheSenate.A.VicePresidentB.SecretaryofStateC.SenateMajorityLeaderD.SenateMinorityLeader35.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTgovernment-runattheU.S.federallevel?A.MotorvehicleB.TheroadsystemC.NationaldefenseD.Thepostalservice36.ItisgenerallyagreedthatU.S.highereducationbeganwiththe______.A.CivilWarB.IndependenceWarC.foundingofHarvardCollegeD.foundingofPrincetonUniversity37.FormaleducationintheUnitedStatesconsistsof______.A.kindergarten,juniorandsenioreducationB.junior,elementaryandsecondaryeducationC.elementary,secondaryandhighereducationD.kindergarten,secondaryandhighereducation38.InhisOldManandtheSea,ErnestHemingway______.A.expressestheideaoffacingdefeatcourageouslyB.showsthebasicgoodnessandwisdomofordinarypeopleC.praisestheideasofequalityanddemocracyandthejoyofcommonpeopleD.describesthesharpcontrastofwealthandpovertyinChicagoandNewYork39.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,______wasthecenterofAmericanwriting.A.BostonB.DetroitC.NewYorkCityD.Philadelphia40.ThemostimportantpatrioticholidayintheU.S.is______.A.HalloweenB.VeteransDayC.ThanksgivingDayD.IndependenceDay41.ThecapitalcityofIrelandis______.A.CorkB.DublinC.GalwayD.Waterford42.Historically,Irelandhasbeenfreeofethnicconflictsbecauseofits______.A.racialunityB.racialhomogeneityC.multi-culturalismD.highrateofemigration43.IrelandhasthefollowingdemographicfeaturesEXCEPT______.A.alatemarriageageB.anexcessoffemalesinthepopulationC.ahighproportionofbachelorsandspinstersofallagesD.alowbirthratecompoundedbyacenturyofemigration44.WhichofthefollowingisatypicalbilingualcityinCanada?A.OttawaB.CalgaryC.TorontoD.Vancouver45.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutimmigrationinCanadaisNOTtrue?A.Itisestimatedthatone-thirdofCanadianswereborninothercountries.B.Immigrationhasalwaysbeenanimportantsourceofitspopulationgrowth.C.Immigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofitseconomy.D.inthepastBritainandWesternEuropeweretheprincipalsourcesofCanadianimmigration.46.Intermsoflandarea,Canadaisthe______largestcountryintheworld.A.secondB.thirdC.fourthD.fifth47.TheheadofstateofAustraliais______.A.theGovernorB.thePresidentC.thePrimeMinisterD.theQueenofEngland48.______istheonlycityonthewesterncoastofAustraliawithapopulationofoveronemillion.A.PerthB.SydneyC.BrisbaneD.Melbourne49.A______,wheretwopartsoftheearthscrustmeet,runsthelengthofNewZealand.A.faultlineB.builtareaC.dormantvolcanoD.geothermalarea50.TheTreatyofWaitangiin1840wasanagreementbetween______.A.theMaoriwhalersandtheBritishCrownB.theMaoripeopleandtheBritishmissionariesC.theMaoritradersandtheBritishmissionariesD.thechiefsoftheMaoripeopleandtheBritishCrownII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatarethemainfunctionsoftheBritishParliament?52.WhatwerethetwocountriesElizabethIsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherfornearly30years?53.WhatwastheoutcomeoftheEnglishCivilWar?54.WhatarethethreemainChristianfestivalsintheU.K.?55.WhatwerethethreecornerstonesofAmericanpostwareconomicboom?56.WhatwasthemostimportantdocumentproducedbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswhenPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972?57.WhatisthemostcentralfunctionoftheU.S.Congress?58.WhatarethetwomajorpartiesthatdominateAmericanpoliticsatthefederal,stateandlocallevels?59.WhatarethetwoofficiallanguagesusedinIreland?60.WhoarethenativepeoplelivinginAustralia?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.OpenUniversity62.TheSpeaker(oftheHouseofCommonsinBritain)63.Muckrakers64.Thestockmarketcrashof19292009年試題參考答案I.1.C2.D3.A4.C5.D6.D7.B8.C9.D10.C11.D12.A13.C14.A15.A16.B17.A18.B19.C20.C21.B22.A23.C24.C25.A26.D27.B28.A29.D30.C31.B32.C33.A34.A35.A36.C37.C38.A39.C40.D41.B42.B43.B44.A45.A46.A47.D48.A49.A50.DII.51.Theyarelaw-making,authorizingtaxationandpublicexpenditures,andexaminingtheactionsofthegovernment.52.FranceandSpain.53.KingCharlesIwasdefeatedandexecuted.ThenaCommonwealthwasdeclaredbyOliverCromwellandhebecametheLordProtector.54.TheyareChristmas,Easter,andWhitSunday.55.Theyaretheautomobile,housing,anddefenseindustries.56.ItwastheShanghaiCommuniqu.57.Itisthepassofthelaw.58.TheyaretheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty.59.TheyareIrish(ortheGaelic)andEnglish.60.TheyaretheAboriginals.III.61.OpenUniversity:TheOpenUniversityisanon-residentialuniversity.Itissonamedbecauseitisopentoalltobecomestudents.TheUniversitywasfoundedin1969andbeganitsfirstcoursesin1970.TheUniversityoffersdegreeandothercoursesforadultstudentsofallagesinBritainandtheothermembercountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.Itusesacombinationofspeciallyproducedprintedtexts,correspondencetuition,televisionandradiobroadcastsandaudio/videocassettes.62.TheSpeaker(oftheHouseofCommonsinBritain):TheSpeakerisamemberwhoisacceptabletoallshadesofopinionintheHouse.IncarryingouthisorherdutiestheSpeakerisrequiredtobeimpartial;heorshecannotdebateor,asageneralrule,voteonameasure,anditishisorherdutytoseethatallpointsofviewshaveafairhearing.63.Muckrakers:Muckrakersrefertoagroupofreform-mindedjournalistsattheturnofthe20thcentury,whomadeinvestigationsandexposedvariousdarksidesoftheseeminglyprosperoussociety.64.Thestockmarketcrashof1929:OnOctober24,1929,theNewYorkstockmarketcrashed.ItwascalledBlackThursdaybecauseitwasthebeginningofalongeconomicdepression.TheGreatDepressionhadfar-reachingconsequences.Itsweptthroughtheglobequickly.Therateofunemploymentincreasedrapidly.Agreatdealofcompaniesandbusinessesclosedandwentintobankruptcy.Americaneconomydidn"trecoveruntiltheNewDealwasputforward.全國(guó)2008年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題課程代碼：00522Ⅰ.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1．Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworldspeopleand______oftheworldslandarea.A．halfB．onethirdC．onefourthD．onefifth2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheCeltsisNOTtrue?A．Theywereironworkers.B．Theywerepracticedfarmers.C．TheyspokeAnglo-SaxonEnglish.D．Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlandsandbuilthouses.3．Thespiritofthe______wasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking.A．BookofConcordB．MagnaCartaC．DomesdayBookD．commonlaw4．______wasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreforminEngland.A．AlfredtheGreatB．EdwardⅠC．HenryⅧD．WilliamtheConqueror5．ThenameWarsoftheRoseswas,infact,coinedbythegreat19thcenturynovelist______.A．SirThomasBrowneB．SirMaxBeerbohmC．SirWalterScottD．SirNormanAngell6．ElizabethsrelationshipwithParliamentwasoften______.A．peacefulB．turbulentC．cooperativeD．harmonious7．______wasgenerallyconsideredthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes,coveringtheyearsc.1350-c.1650.A．TheReformationB．TheRenaissanceC．TheRestorationD．TheGloriousRevolution8．Looselyspeaking,______werethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists.A．theWhigsB．theToriesC．themembersoftheLaborPartyD．themembersoftheConservativeParty9．AsaresultoftheagricultureenclosureinEnglandinthelate18thcentury,______.A．dietbecamelessvariedB．theEnglishtenantsgotbenefitsC．farmsbecamesmallerandsmallerD．peasantfarmershadtolookforworkintowns10．Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesoftheSecondWorldWaristhat______.A．itimprovedBritisheconomyB．itstrengthenedtheBritishEmpireC．ithastenedtheendoftheBritishEmpireD．ithastenedtheendoftheBritishCommonwealth11．ThePrimeMinisterofBritainwas______.A．a(chǎn)ppointedbytheQueenB．electedbytheParliamentC．voteddirectlybythepeopleofthecountryD．selectedfromthemembersoftheParliament12．ApartfromBritain,theQueenisalsotheheadofstateofthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT______.A．AustraliaB．CanadaC．NewZealandD．SouthAfrica13．IntheU.K.,thepublicareadmittedto______intheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.A．theStrangersGalleriesB．theTateGalleryC．theNationalGalleryD．theStateGalleries14．InBritain,thepositionof______istraditionallyheldbythePrimeMinister.A．MinisterofDefenseB．FirstLordoftheTreasuryC．LordChancellorD．MinisterofEducation15．______isNOTthefunctionoftheBritishParliament.A．ExaminingandmakinglawsB．ExaminingtheactionsofthegovernmentC．AuthorizingtaxationandpublicexpenditureD．MaintainingthesupremeauthorityoftheSovereign16．No.10DowningStreetinLondonis______.A．theofficialresidenceoftheQueenB．theofficebuildingofLordChancellorC．themeetingplaceoftheBritishParliamentD．theofficialresidenceofBritishPrimeMinister17．TherearetwoestablishedChurchesinBritain,thatis,______.A．theChurchofWalesandtheChurchofIrelandB．theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofWalesC．theChurchofScotlandandtheChurchofIrelandD．theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofScotland18．______isapublicholidayinBritain.A．TheNationalDayB．GuyFawkesDayC．BoxingDayD．AprilFoolsDay19．______newspapersaredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.A．QualityB．PopularC．Mid-marketD．Tabloid20．ThePrivyCouncilincludes______.A．a(chǎn)llCabinetministersB．a(chǎn)lltheArchbishopsinBritainC．a(chǎn)llmembersoftheHouseofLordsD．a(chǎn)llmembersoftheHouseofCommons21．______ofNewYorkusedtobeanimportantimmigrationreceptionspot.A．EllisIslandB．ManhattanC．BrooklynD．LongIsland22．______totheConstitution,asthefoundationoftheAmericanconstitutionalsystem,werecalledtheBillofRights.A．ThefirstthreeamendmentsB．ThefirstfiveamendmentsC．ThefirsttenamendmentsD．Thefirsttwelveamendments23．Aftermuchdebate,theCompromiseof1850waspassed,whichallowed______tobeacceptedasafreestate.A．UtahB．CaliforniaC．LouisianaD．NewMexico24．TheArticlesofConfederationin1781wasunusualbecauseitprovidedfor______.A．nokingB．a(chǎn)strongcentralgovernmentC．civilrightsD．taxationpowers25．TheFederalistPapersareregardedasthebestexplanationofthe______.A．19thAmendmentB．ArticlesofConfederationC．BillofRightsD．U.S.Constitution26．AftertheCivilWar,______becameastrongtrendinAmericaneconomy.A．disappearanceofprivatebusinessB．increaseincapitalinvestmentC．monopolybybigbusinessD．nationalizationofenterprises27．ThePeaceConferencein1919wasdominatedbytheBigFour,thatis,______.A．theUnitedStates,Britain,SpainandItalyB．theUnitedStates,Japan,FranceandItalyC．theUnitedStates,Britain,FranceandItalyD．theUnitedStates,Britain,FranceandRussia28．TheGreatDepressionin1929wascausedbyallthefollowingBUT______.A．stockmarketspeculationB．over-expansionofcreditC．toomuchinvestmentincompaniesD．lackofstabilityinthebankingsystem29．Inhisinauguralspeech,______saidthattheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.A．LyndonJohnsonB．TheodoreRooseveltC．JohnF.KennedyD．FranklinRoosevelt30．TheSecondWorldWarcametoanendin______.A．1945B．1946C．1947D．194931．In1947theTrumanAdministrationdecidedtoprovideaidfor______topreventthesetwocountriesfromfallingintothehandsoftheSovietUnion.A．PolandandRomaniaB．GermanyandItalyC．theU.K.andFranceD．GreeceandTurkey32．Since1945theUnitedStateshadenteredatwenty-five-yearperiodofeconomicboom,butits______industrydidnotexperiencegreatdevelopment.A．a(chǎn)utomobileB．a(chǎn)erospaceC．housingD．defense33．The______turnedouttobeAmericaslongestwarithadeverfought.A．FirstWorldWarB．SecondWorldWarC．KoreanWarD．VietnamWar34．TheU.S.ConstitutionallowsthePresidenttogive______andpardonsinfederalcriminalcases.A．a(chǎn)bsolutionsB．reprievesC．testimoniesD．a(chǎn)mnesties35．IntheU.S.eachlocalschooldistricthasagoverningboardwhichisusually______.A．electedbythevotersB．chosenfromtheteachingstaffC．selectedfromthelocalcommunityD．a(chǎn)ppointedbythecountymagistrate36．InAmerica,theConstitutionprovidesthat______shallbePresidentoftheSenate.A．theSpeakeroftheHouseB．theSecretaryofStateC．theChiefJusticeD．theVicePresident37．HighereducationintheUnitedStatesbeganwiththefoundingof______in1636.A．MITB．YaleUniversityC．HarvardCollegeD．PrincetonUniversity38．TheodoreDreiserwastheliteraryrepresentativeofAmerican______.A．RomanticistsB．TranscendentalistsC．ModernistsD．Naturalists39．InhisOldManandtheSea,Hemingwaypraisestheoldfishermans______.A．couragetoacceptmiseryinlifeB．a(chǎn)ttitudetowardsdefeatandfailureC．couragetofightmonstersintheseaD．a(chǎn)ttitudetowardstherisksofhighseas40．OneofthegoalssetbyPresidentBushinhisplanAmerica2000is______.A．increasingtheadultliteracyrateB．eliminatingdrugsandviolenceatschoolC．betteringallthestudentsforeignlanguagesD．improvingthehigh-schoolgraduationrateto80%41．QuebecdiffersfromotherCanadianprovincesbecause______.A．itisveryrichinoilB．itisidealforwheatgrowingC．ithasastrongFrenchcultureD．itstouristtradeisveryimportanttotheeconomy42．In1885,Canadawaslinkedfromcoasttocoastbecause______.A．a(chǎn)canalwasconstructedB．manyexpresswayswerebuiltC．a(chǎn)nationalhighwaywasfinishedD．theCanadianPacificRailwaywascompleted43．______,thesecondlargestcityofCanada,islocatedinQuebec.A．MontrealB．VancouverC．TorontoD．Ottawa44．Adelaideisinternationallywell-known______.A．foritsartsfestivalB．foritsleadingroleinlumberingC．foritsmostprosperousagricultureD．foritsproductionofhalfoftheworldsopals45．Sydney,thelargestcityinAustralia,isthecapitalof______.A．VictoriaB．QueenslandC．SouthAustraliaD．NewSouthWales46．MostofthelandinAustraliasruralareasisused______.A．forgrazingsheepandcattleB．fordamsandfarmbuildingsC．forgrowingvegetablesandsugarcanesD．forgrowingcropslikewheatandothergrains47．AccordingtotheWaitangiTreaty,iftheMaoriswanttosellland,only______willhavetherighttobuy.A．theMaoristhemselvesB．theCrownC．theBritishcitizensD．thelocalgovernment48．ThenaturaldisastersinNewZealandmayinclude______.A．earthquakes,volcanoesandfloodingB．volcanoes,floodingandheavysnowsC．earthquakes,flooding,andheavysnowsD．volcanoes,heavysnowsandearthquakes49．Duringthe19thcentury,______wasamostimportantreasonforacentury-longpopulationdeclineinIreland.A．warB．floodC．famineD．earthquake50．Today93%oftheIrishpopulationare______.A．PuritansB．RomanCatholicsC．AnglicansD．ChristiansII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhendidtherecordedhistoryofBritainbegin?52.WhatwasthemilitarysignificanceofthedestructionoftheSpanishArmadaforBritain?53.HowmanyMembersofParliamentdoestheHouseofCommonsintheU.K.consistof?54.Pleasewriteanythreeofthe13coloniestheBritishestablishedalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmericabetween1607and1733.55.WhatarethethreebranchesintheU.S.federalgovernment?56.WhatdoesIBMstandfor?57.OnwhichsidedidCanadafightduringWWⅡ?58.WhatkindsofvegetationaresuitableforthehotdryclimateinAustralia?59.WhatispartlythereasonforNewZealandtohavechangeableweatherandtobeoftenwindy?60.WhatwastheresultofgrowingIrishnationalismintheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.bankholidays62.constitutionalmonarchy63.Notaxationwithoutrepresentation64.theU.S.Federalsystem2008年試題參考答案Ⅰ.1．C2．C3．B4．C5．C6．B7．B8．A9．D10．C11．A12．D13．A14．B15．D16．D17．D18．C19．A20．A21．A22．C23．B24．A25．D26．C27．C28．C29．D30．A31．D32．B33．D34．B35．A36．D37．C38．D39．B40．B41．C42．D43．A44．A45．D46．A47．B48．A49．C50．BII.51.BritishrecordedhistorybeganwiththeRomaninvasionaround55BC.52.ItshowedEngland"ssuperiorityasanavalpower.53.Itconsistsof651MembersofParliament.54.Virginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.(Anythreenamesoftheaboveareacceptable.)55.Theyarethelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicialbranches.56.ItstandsforInternationalBusinessMachines.57.CanadafoughtasanallyofBritain(1939-1945).58.SmallplantssuchasgrassesandshrubsratherthanforestsaresuitableforthehotdryclimateinAustralia.59.BecauseNewZealandisanislandinsouthernlatitudes,ithaschangeableweatheranditisoftenwindy.60.Irishnationalismbecamestrongerandevenmoreviolentintheearlydecadesofthe20thcenturyandclimaxedintheEasternUprisingof1916inwhichanIrishRepublicwasproclaimed.III.61.Bankholidaysarealsocalledofficialpublicholidays.ThetermBankHolidaygoesbacktotheBankHolidaysActof1871,whichowesitsnametothefactthatbanksareclosedonthedaysspecified.62.Aconstitutionalmonarchyisacountryinwhichtheheadofthestateisakingoraqueen.Inpractice,theSovereignreignsbutdoesnotrule.63.ThepeopleintheBritishcoloniesopposedtheunfairtreatmentbytheBritishgovernment.Theydeclared,Notaxationwithoutrepresentation,thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecision-making,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxestoBritain.64.TheU.S.Constitutionsetsupafederalsystemofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule.Thereiscentralorfederalgovernmentforthenationwhichalonehasthepowertoanswerquestionsthataffectthenationasawhole.Therearealsostateandlocalgovernments.EachlayerofgovernmenthasseparateanddistinctpowerslaiddownintheConstitution.全國(guó)2007年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題課程代碼：00522I．Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofElizabethI?A．Herreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.B．HerreligiousreformwaswelcomedbyboththePuritansandardentCatholics.C．ShedesiredthatthereshouldbeoutwardconformitytotheEstablishedreligion.D．ShebrokeMarystieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland.2．TheRestorationinEnglishhistorytookplacein_______.A．1042B．1066C．1606D．16603．Historically,_______wereferociouspeople,buttheylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.A．theCeltsB．theVikingsC．theAnglo-SaxonsD．theNormans4．William,DukeofNormandy,isnowknownas_________.A．WilliamRufusB．WilliamtheConfessorC．WilliamtheGreatD．WilliamtheConqueror5．InBritain,theToriesweretheforerunnersof_______whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A．theSocialandDemocraticLiberalPartyB．theLiberalPartyC．theLaborPartyD．theConservativeParty6．ThepersonwhowasresponsibleforthereligiousReformationofEnglandinthe16thcenturywas_________.A．EdwardVIIIB．HenryVIIIC．ElizabethID．EdwardVI7．QueenMaryTudorhasbeenknownasBloodyMarybecauseunderherreign________.A．a(chǎn)seriesofbloodywarswerefoughtB．manyProtestantswerepersecutedandburntashereticsC．manyrebelpeasantswereputtodeathD．manyprotestersagainstherrulewerekilled8．The_______developedlaterintotheLordsandtheCommonsknownasParliament.A．WitanB．PrivyCouncilC．PublicRecordsOfficeD．GreatCouncil9．InBritain,________isthesymbolofthewholenation.A．theQueenB．thePrimeMinisterC．thePrinceD．theParliament10．EasteristhechiefChristianfestival,whichcelebrates________.A．thebirthofJesusChristB．theResurrectionofJesusChristC．thecomingofspringD．therevivalofChristianity11．TheEnglishking,whogaveuphiscrownforthesakeofamarriagewithWallisSimpson,was_______.A.HenryⅧB(niǎo)．EdwardⅧC．GeorgeⅥD．JamesⅥ12．ThosewhotriedtodestroythehatedmachinesduringtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionwerecalled______.A．DestroyersB．BreakersC．UnionistsD．Luddites13．ThegreatKingofWessexwhofoughtagainsttheinvasionoftheDanesinthe9thcenturywasknownas_______.A．HengistB．AlfredtheGreatC．thePilgrimD．KingofPicts14．TheSevenYearsWar(17561763)wasfoughtbetweenBritainand_______forthecolonizationinNorthAmerica.A．SpainB．RussiaC．HollandD．France15．InBritain,thenationalnewspaperscanbedividedintotwogroups:_______.A．dailypapersandweeklypapersB．dailypapersandSundaypapersC．weeklypapersandmonthlypapersD．weeklypapersandquarterlypapers16．ThePeoplesCharterwasdrawnupby_______astheirdemands.A．theLondonWorkingMensAssociationB．theBritishSteelCorporationC．theactivistsintheChartistMovementD．theTradeUnion17．Mrs.MargaretThatcher,aConservativePartyleaderinthe1980s,believedinthefollowingEXCEPT_______.A．self-relianceB．privatizationC．thestrengtheningofthetradeunionsD．thekeepingoflawandorder18．ThetwomaintiersoflocalauthoritythroughoutEnglandandWalesare______.A．countiesanddistrictsB．citiesandtownsC．citiesandvillagesD．citiesandshires19．InBritain,officialpublicholidaysarealsocalled______.A．religiousholidaysB．saintsholidaysC．memorialholidaysD．bankholidays20．TheEnglishChannelseparatestheislandofGreatBritainfrom______.A．DenmarkB．BelgiumC．theNetherlandsD．France21．MostofthefirstChineseimmigrantswhocametotheUnitedStatesbetween18501880settleddownin______.A．FloridaB．WashingtonC．CaliforniaD．NewJersey22．InSeptember,1774theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldin______,whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.A．NewYorkB．BostonC．PhiladelphiaD．Concord23．DuringtheAmericanwestwardmovement,DemocraticpoliticianJohnL.OSullivanproducedthefamoustheoryof______.A．IsolationismB．GoodNeighborPolicyC．SocialDarwinismD．ManifestDestiny24．TheAmericanConstitutionwasfinallyadoptedin1789byanarrowmarginontheunderstandingthat______aftertheConstitutioncameintoforce.A．WashingtonwouldbepresidentoftheU.S.B．theHouseofRepresentativeswouldbeelectedbyeachstateC．a(chǎn)BillofRightswouldbeamendedD．eachstatewouldbeequallyrepresentedintheSenate25．In1972,U.S.President______visitedChina,whichledtotheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationswithChinainJanuary1979.A．RonaldReaganB．RichardNixonC．JimmyCarterD．GeraldFord26．Whichworkpraisedtheideaofequalityanddemocracyandalsocelebratedthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman?A．LeavesofGrassbyWaltWhitman.B．Self-reliancebyRalphWaldoEmerson.C．LifeontheMississippibyMarkTwain.D．SisterCarriebyTheodoreDreiser.27．TheConstitutionrequiresthePresidenttobeanatural-bornAmericancitizenatleast______yearsofage.A．30B．35C．40D．4528．OnApril30thof1789,GeorgeWashingtontooktheoathofofficein______whichhousedthefirstAmericangovernment.A．NewYorkB．WashingtonC．PhiladelphiaD．Boston29．WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbePresidentWilsonsachievementsinhisprogramofNewFreedom?A．Makingloansavailabletofarmersatlowrates.B．Adoptinganincometax.C．Regulatingtrustsbystatingclearlytheunfairbusinesspractices.D．Regulatingrailroadpricesandtheirrebates.30．IntheU.S.the______referstothepeoplebornintheperiod19461964.A．lostgenerationB．megenerationC．blue-collargenerationD．babyboomgeneration31．TheconferencethatdecidedtosetupaworldorganizationtheUnitedNationswasheldin______.A．TeheranB．CairoC．YaltaD．Washington32．ThePresidentoftheUnitedStatescanissuerules,regulationsandinstructions,whicharecalled______.A．legalactsB．standingordersC．verdictsD．executiveorders33．ThepoliticaltheoryofAmericanRevolutioncamefromthewell-knownphilosopher______.A．ThomasJeffersonB．ThomasPaineC．AlexanderHamiltonD．JohnLocke34．WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheGreatDepressioninthe1930s?A．Billionsofdollarsofpaperprofitswerewipedoutwithinafewdays.B．Miseryandpersonalsufferingswerewidespread.C．Manylosttheirlandandotherpropertiesbecauseofforeclosures.D．Thestockmarketcrashwasthebeginningoflongeconomicrecovery.35．DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,thevictoryat______provedtobetheturningpointfortheUnionArmy.A．HarrisburgB．GettysburgC．LexingtonD．FortSumter36．WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheAmericanIndians?A．Heavydrinkingandsuicideratesarefarabovethenationalaverages.B．TheaveragelifeexpectancyofIndiansisaround50years.C．AlltheAmericanIndiansarenowlivinginthegovernmentreservations.D．OnefourthoftheIndianfamilieslivebelowthepovertylevel.37．TheAmericanStandardOilCompanywasfoundedby______.A．JohnRockefellerB．duPontC．J.P.MorganD．AndrewCarnegie38．AtypicalexampleofAmericanintolerantnationalismfrom19191920was______thatexaggeratedthedangerofCommunism.A．McCarthyismB．theKuKluxKlanC．theRedScareD．Desegregation39．Currentlybetween80%and90%ofimmigrantstotheU.S.arefrom______countries.A．AsianandAfricanB．EuropeanandHispanicC．AsianandHispanicD．ScandinavianandAsian40．______istheonlyorganizationwhichhasthepowertointerprettheU.S.Constitution.A．TheSupremeCourtB．TheDepartmentofStateC．TheHouseofRepresentativesD．TheSenate41．______isBritishColumbiaslargestcityandthethirdlargestcityinCanada.A．VancouverB．TorontoC．QuebecCityD．Montreal42．AlmosthalfthelandareaofCanadaiscoveredby______.A．forestsB．desertsC．swampsD．bogs43．DuringWorldWarII,Canadafoughtasanallyof______withnearlyonemillionpeopleservinginthearmedforces.A．GermanyB．SwissC．ItalyD．Britain44．InAustralia______hasthecountrysrichestfarmlandandbestgrazingland.A．theGreatWesternPlateauB．theEasternHighlandsC．theCentralEasternLowlandsD．theOutback45．InrecentyearsAustraliangovernmentshaveencouragedpeoplewithdifferentethnicbackgroundstokeeptheirowncultures.Thispolicyiscalled______.A．a(chǎn)ssimilationB．integrationC．multiculturalismD．a(chǎn)lienation46．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutAustraliaisNOTtrue?A．Itliessouthoftheequator.B．Itistheworldssmallestcontinent.C．Itistheflattestandlowestcontinent.D．Itisthecontinentthatcontainsmorethanonecountry.47．ThefirstEuropeantovisitNewZealandwasa/an______,AbelTasman.A．EnglishmanB．DutchmanC．FrenchmanD．German48．______isthecapitalofNewZealand.A．AucklandB．WellingtonC．TorontoD．Montreal49．WhichstatementisNOTtrueaboutIreland?A．Irelandisdividedintotwopoliticalunits.B．NorthernIrelandispartoftheUnitedKingdom.C．TheRepublicofIrelandisanindependentcountry.D．IrelandiscalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseofitsrichdepositofemeralds.50．ThelargestriverinIrelandisthe______,whichprovideselectricpowerformuchoftheRepublic.A．MissouriRiverB．ShannonRiverC．SevernRiverD．ThamesRiverII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatistheofficialnameofGreatBritain?52.WhatdoesOxbridgerefertoinGreatBritain?53.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofBritishgovernmenteducationdepartments?54.WhatdoesSATstandfor?55.Whatarethetwomostimportantactspassedinthe1960sthathelpedtoimprovethepoliticalequalityoftheblackpeople?56.Whatisknownasthewinner-take-allsystem?57.WhatdoesACTstandforinAustralianpoliticaldivision?58.WhydoesNewZealandremaingreenalltheyearround?59.Whatarethethreemaingroupsofsettlerslivingnorthof55degreenorthlatitudeinCanada?60.WhatisthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape,whichcoversallthemountainsandlargeareasoflowlands?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.theIndustrialRevolution62.theCommonwealth63.checksandbalances64.ElectoralCollege2007年試題參考答案Ⅰ.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.D6.B7.B8.D9.A10.B11.B12.D13.B14.D15.B16.A17.C18.A19.D20.D21.C22.C23.D24.C25.B26.A27.B28.A29.D30.D31.C32.D33.D34.D35.B36.C37.A38.C39.C40.A41.A42.A43.D44.C45.C46.D47.B48.B49.D50.BII.51.TheofficialnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.52.ItreferstotheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge.53.Theyformulateeducationpoliciesandarealsoresponsibleforthesupplyandtrainingofteachers.54.ItstandsforScholasticAptitudeTest,atesttakenintheU.S.tomeasurestudentsabilitiesbeforetheirentryintocollege.55.TheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965.56.Thepresidentialcandidatewiththehighestnumberofvotesineachstatewinsalltheelectoralvotesofthatstate.57.ItstandsforAustralianCapitalTerritory.58.NewZealandnativetreesareevergreens,sothecountryremainsgreenalltheyearround.59.Therearefurtrappers,fishersandminers.60.BogsremainthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape.Ⅲ.61.TheIndustrialRevolution:ItreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.BritainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializeinEurope.62.TheCommonwealth:Itisafreeassociationof50independentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Atpresentthereare50memberswithintheCommonwealth(1991).63.Checksandbalances:TheAmericangovernmentisdividedintothreebranches,thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial.Eachhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Andeachbranchofgovernmentcancheck,orblock,theactionsoftheotherbranches.Thethreebranchesarethusinbalance.Thisiscalledchecksandbalances.64.ElectoralCollege:Theelectorsofall50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia-atotalof538persons---comprisewhatisknownastheElectoralCollege.Tobesuccessful,acandidateforthePresidencymustreceive270votes.全國(guó)2006年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題課程代碼：00522I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswertothequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,Ipointforeach)I.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheBritishCommonwealth?A.Membersofnationsarcjoinedtogetherpolitically.B.TheCommonwealthhasspecialpowers.C.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthismadebyBrian.D.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.2.Under,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.A.KingAlfredB.HenryIIC.EdwardID.WilliamtheConqueror3.ThecauseoftheHundredYearsWarwas.A.territorialB.economicC.partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomicD.partlyterritorialandpartlyreligious4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheAnglo-Saxons?A.Theywereregardedasferociouspeople.B.Theyestablishedthemanorialsystem.C.Theydividedthecountryintodifferentshires.D.Theirtribeswereseldomatwarwithoneanother.5.AsaresultoftheBlackDeath,.A.muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasashortageoflabourB.landownerstendedtochangefromsheep-farmingtoarable-farmingC.thegovernmentdidnotshowmuchconcernaboutthelabourshortageD.thegovernmenttookseveralmeasurestoraisethepeasantswages6.TheNormanConquestinEnglishhistoryhappenedin.A.1035B.1042C.1066D.16067.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaconsequenceoftheWarsoftheRoses?A.Feudalismreceiveditsdeath-blow.B.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.C.Theking"spowerbecamesupreme.D.Ordinarypeopleweregreatlyaffected.8.Intermsofpress,aredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.A.qualitynewspapersB.tabloidsC.popularnewspapersD.mid-marketnewspapers9.wasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandModernTimes.A.TheHundredYearsWarB.RenaissanceC.TheWarsoftheRosesD.TheEnglishCivilWar10.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled___.A.thePuritanRevolutionB.theChartistMovementC.theWarsoftheRosesD.theHundredYears"War11.InDecember1653,byanInstrumentofGovernment,becameLardProtectoroftheCommonwealthofEngland.A.RichardlB.OliverCromwellC.CharlesIID.JamesII12.Twoofthemostfamousliteraryworksofthelate17thcenturywere.A.HamletandParadiseLostB.Pilgrim"sProgressandParadiseLostC.ParadiseLostandShepherd"sCalendarD.RomeoandJulietandShepherd"sCalendar13.TheestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyin1600wasacaseof.A.economicpenetrationB.territorialaggressionC.culturalexpansionD.militaryinvasion14.Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesofWorldWarIIwasthat.A.theBritishEmpirebecamemuchstrongerB.theBritishEmpirebegantodisintegrateC.theBritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansionD.Britainenteredaperiodofeconomicandfinancialprosperity15.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheBritishmonarchy?A.Itistheoldestinstitutionofgovernment.B.Itgoesbacktoatleastthe9thcentury.C.Ithasmaintainedthecontinuityoverthepastthousandyears.D.Itseemsthatitenjoysnorealpowertoday.16.InBritain,aparliamenthasamaximumdurationofyears.A.3B.4C.5D.617.Britishcolonialexpansionbeganwith.A.theestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyin1600B.thesettlementoftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyatCapeTownin1652C.theoccupationofChineseHongKongin1841D.thecolonizationofNewfoundlandin158318.ManyofBritain"spublicschoolshavegainedareputationfor.A.lowacademicstandardsandsnobberyB.exclusivenessandshorthistoryC.averageacademicstandards,exclusiveness,andshorthistoryD.highacademicstandards,exclusiveness,andsnobbery19.TheUniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgedatefrom.A.the10thandllthcenturyB.the12thcenturyC.the12thand13thcenturyD.the13e"century20.InBritain,formallyappointsimportantgovernmentministers,judges,etc.A.theQueenB.thePrimeMinisterC.theLordPresidentoftheCouncilD.theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthefivebiggestcitiesintheUnitedStates?A.ChicagoB.NewYorkC.MiamiD.LosAngeles22.,whichbannedslavery,wasaddedtotheAmericanConstitutioninDecember,1865.A.TheBillofRightsB.TheThirteenthAmendmentC.TheCivilRightsActD.TheVotingRightsAct23.havemadeitpossibleforallsectionsoftheAmericanpopulationtohavehighereducation.A.TheresearchuniversitiesB.ThedoctoraluniversitiesC.ThecommunitycollegesD.Theliberalartscolleges24.Coloredeggsandbunnyatetraditionalsymbolsof.A.EasterB.ChristmasC.ValentineD.NewYear"sDay25.isoneofthemostpopularplacesintheUnitedStatestocelebratetheNewYear"sDay.A.TheDisneyLandinFloridaB.TheWhiteHouseLawninWashingtonD.C.C.HollywoodinCaliforniaD.TimesSquareinNewYorkCity26.Thebest-knownspeechmadebycivilfightsleaderMartinLutherKingis.A.Guesswho~B.IhaveadreamC.Unitedwestand,dividedwefall"D.Firstinwar,fastinpeace,firstintheheartsofhiscountrymen27.Inthe1900swiththedevelopmentofindustryandtheextensionofrailroadnetwork,therewasaintheUnitedStates.A.fastgrowthofpopulationB.rapidgrowthofmilitarypowerC.fastgrowthoflaborunionsD.rapidgrowthofcities28.TherealAmericanliteraturebegan.A.beforetheCivilWarB.aftertheCivilWarC.beforetheWarofIndependenceD.aftertheWarofIndependence29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheVietnamWar?A.Drug-takingwaswidespreadintheAmericanArmedForces.B.AboutsixtythousandyoungAmericansdiedinthewar.C.Americaninsistenceonthecontinuationofthewardrewcriticismfromitsallies.D.ThemoraleoftheAmericansoldierswasrunningveryhigh.30.MITstandsfor.A.theMilitaryInstituteofTexasB.theMacy"sInstigationofThanksgivingC.theMiamiInstitutionofTradeD.theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology31.wasNOTamongthefirst13BritishcoloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.A.NewYorkB.PennsylvaniaC.FloridaD.Maryland32.AttheConstitutionalConventioninSeptember1787,thedelegateswhoarguedforanationalsystemcalledthemselves.A.RepublicansB.DemocratsC.Anti-FederalistsD.Federalists33.ThePurchaseofLouisianaTerritoryin1803fromFrance~,.A.increasedtheAmericanterritorybyonethirdB.i~theAmericanterritorybyahalfC.almostdoubledthesizeoftheUnitedStatesD.almosttripledthesizeoftheUnitedStates34.Whichofthefollowingpairsiscorrect?A.RockefelleraeroplaneB.HenryFord-crudeoilrefiningC.J.P.Morgan-railroadD.TheWrightBrothers-automobile35.TheUnitedStatesdidnotformallytakepartinWorldWarI1untilPearlHarborbecause.A.isolationistsdidnotwanttobedraggedintothewarB.theCongresshadpassedoneneutralitylawC.PresidentRooseveltdidnotwanttooffendtheAxisPowersD.Alloftheabove36.InordertoprotectWesternEuropefrompossibleSovietexpansionafterWWII,theUnitedStatesdecidedtoofferWesternEuropeancountrieseconomicaid,whichlatercametobecalled.A.theFourteenPointsB.theNewFreedomsC.theNewDealD.theMarshallPlan37.Inviewoftheproblemofpovertyinthe1960s,PresidentKennedyhadonceadmittedthatoftheAmericanpopulationwenttobedhungry.A.aboutonequarterB.aboutonethirdC.abouthalfD.abouttwothirds38.WhenevertheAmericaneconomyisintrouble,theeconomyofothercountriesisaffectedbecausetheUnitedStatesis.A.thegreatestdebtorintheworldB.thebiggestproduceroftobaccoC.thelargestimporterintheworldmarketD.theonlysuperpowerintheworld39.MembershipintheHouseofRepresentativesisbasedon.A.thenumberofcitiesineachstateB.thenumberoffamiliesineachstateC.thesizeofpopulationineachstateD.thesizeofcitiesineachstate40.IntheUnitedStates,iftheparentsdon"tsendtheirchildrentoschoolatcertainage,.A.thestategovernmentwillberesponsibleforitB.theywilleducatethechildrenthemselvesC.theycansavealotofmoneyD.theyarebreakingthelaw41.CanadacoversaboutofNorthAmericancontinent.A.onequarterB.two-fifthsC.two-thirdsD.throe-fourths42.BytheStatuteofin1931theBritishDominions,includingCanada,wereformallydeclaredtobepartnernationswithBritain.A.OntarioB.VancouverC.QuebecD.Westminister43.ThefirstBritishsettlersinCanadawereAmericanrefugees,whocalledthemselves,becausetheyrefusedtofightagainsttheBritishArmyintheWarofAmericanIndependence.A.LoyalistsB.WhigsC.LiberalsD.Separatists44.isAustralia"smainwatershedwhereshort,swiftriversflowintothePacificOcean.A.TheGreatWesternPlateauB.TheGreatDividingRangeC.TheCentralEasternLowlandsD.TheNullarborPlain45.Politically,Australiaisdividedintostatesandtwoterritories.A.fourB.fiveC.sixD.seven46.AmongthefiveAustraliancitieswithapopulationofoveramilliononlyliesontheWesterncoast.A.SydneyB.BrisbaneC.MelbourneD.Perth47.InIrelandthebasicethnicstockis.A.CelticB.RomanC.NormanD.English48.Irelandhasfourunusualdemographicfeatures.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Alowbirthrate.B.Alatemarriage.C.Ahighproportionofunmarriedpeople.D.Anexcessoffemalesinthepopulation.49ThefirstEnglishmantovisitNewZealandwasJamesCookwhosailedinhisship______.A.EnduranceB.EndeavorC.ExplorerD.Enquirer50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutNewZealandclimate?A.TheclimateinNewZealandisgenerallytemperateB.Seasonalvariationsarelessextreme.C.Snowusuallyfallsinthefarsouth.D.Summerisoftenuncomfortablyhot.II.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestion.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatdoestheBritishParliamentconsistof?52.WhyisKingAlfredknownasthefatheroftheBritishnavy?53.WhichpartydidMargaretThatcherrepresentinthe1970s?54.Howwasthe1920sintheUnitedStatesdescribedbymanyhistorians?55.WhatdoesthetermindenturedservantsrefertoinAmericanhistory?56.Whatwasthemostimportantactpassedin1964toprohibitdiscriminationbasedoncolor,race,ornationalorigininplacesofpublicaccommodation?57.HowmanyprovincesandterritoriesisCanadamadeupof?58.WhatisAustraliaalsoknownasintheWest?59.WhatdoesIRAstandfor?60.WhyisNewZealandconsideredtobethefirstcountrytogetthenewday?Ш.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.Comprehensiveschools62.Whigs(inBritain)63.ThePuritans64.WarPowerAct2006年試題答案I.1．D2．D3．C4．D5．A6．C7．D8．A9．Bl0．A11．B12．Bl3．Al4．Bl5．Cl6．C17．Dl8．Dl9．C20．A21．C22．B23．C24．A25．D26．B27．D28．D29．D30．D31．C32．D33．C34．C35．A36．D37．B38．C39．C40．D41．B42．D43．A44．B45．C46．D47．A48．D49．B50．DII.51．ItconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords,andtheHouseofCommons．52．BecausehefoundedastrongfleetwhichfirstbeattheDanesatseaandthenprotectedthecoastsandencouragedtrade．53．SherepresentedtheConservativeParty．54．Itwasdescribedasaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustrationandpurposelessness．55．Itreferstothepeoplewhohadtoworkforafixedtermforthemasterstorepaythecross-Atlanticfareanddebts．56．TheCivilRightsActofl964．57．Itismadeupoftenprovincesandtwoterritories．58．ItisalsoknownastheLandDownUnder．59．IRAstandsforIrishRepublicanArmy．60．BecauseitliesjustwestoftheInternationalDateLineandithasonetimezone．Ⅲ．61．Comprehensiveschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawiderangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict．62．ThenameofWhigsoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution．Itwasknownbythenickname．Itwasaderogatorynameforcattledrivers．Looselyspeaking,theWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists．63．ThePuritanswerewealthy,welleducatedgentlemen．TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland．DissatisfiedwiththepoliticalcorruptioninEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritanleaderssawtheNewWorldastherefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave．64．ItwasanactthatlimitedthePresidentspowerinsendingtroopsabroadandrequiredthePresidenttoconsultCongressbeforeanysuchdecision．全國(guó)2005年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況試題課程代碼：00522Ⅰ.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(40points,1pointforeach)1.TraditionalBritishfarminginvolved（）,whichdatedbacktothe5thcentury.A.theopenfieldsystemB.thesystemofcroprotationC.theuseofartificialfertilizerD.theuseofnewagriculturalmachinery2.InBritain,theFirstCivilWarwasfoughtbetweentheRoundheadswhoweretheparliamentarysoldiersledby（）,andtheCavalierswhowereKingCharlesssupporters.A.JohnLilburneB.OliverCromwellC.PrinceRupertD.WilliamJoyce3.（）radicallychangedthefaceofLondonforthefirsttimesincetheGreatFirenearlythreecenturiesearlier.A.TheBlackDeathB.TheCivilWarC.TheFirstWorldWarD.TheBlitz4.TheobjectiveoftheChartistMovementwasdemocraticrightsforallmen,andittookitsnameform（）.A.TheBillofRightsB.TheAgreementofthePeopleC.thePeoplesCharterD.theGreatCharter5.Today,theDomesdayBookiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficein（）.A.CambridgeB.OxfordC.LondonD.York6.InBritain,thankstothemilitantfeministmovementofthesuffragettesbeforetheFirstWorldWar,votesweregrantedtowomenover（）in1918.A.20B.25C.30D.357.By（）Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,onwhichthesunneverset.A.1900B.1910C.1920D.19308.InBritain,theToriesweretheforerunnersof（）,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theConservativePartyC.theLiberalPartyD.theSocialDemocraticParty9.TheeldestsonofQueenElizabethⅡPrinceCharles,Princeof（）,istheheirtothethrone.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.NorthernIreland10.InBritain,afullmeetingof（）iscalledonlywhenaSovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theHouseofLordsC.theHouseofCommonsD.theParliament11.InBritain,thehighestjudicialappointmentsaremadebytheQueenontheadviceof（）.A.theLordChancellorB.thePrimeMinisterC.theSpeakerD.theAttorneyGeneral12.InBritain,theSpeakerisamemberwhoisacceptabletoallshadesofopinionin（）.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theHouseofLordsC.theSupremeCourtD.theHouseofCommons13.TheBritishgovernmentdepartmentsarestaffedbymembersof（）,whosedutyistoassistincarryingoutlawspassedbyParliament.A.theCivilServiceB.thePrivyCouncilC.theHouseofLordsD.theHouseofCommons14.Inthe1970s,oilwasdiscoveredin（）,buttherevenuefromoildidnotcreateaneconomicmiracleforBritain.A.theEnglishChannelB.theIrishSeaC.theSt.GeorgeSeaD.theNorthSea15.LocalauthoritiesinGreatBritainraiserevenuethrough（）.A.theincometaxB.thecounciltaxC.thecapitalreceiptsD.personalcontribution16.Themoderngamesoftennisoriginatedin（）inthelate19thcentury.A.ScotlandB.IrelandC.EnglandD.Wales17.Americawasnamedafter（）.A.ItaliannavigatorColumbusB.navigatorAmerigoVespucciC.someIndianchieftainD.GeorgeWashington,foundingfatheroftheUnitedStates18.Between1860and1990,theUnitedStateswitnessed（）large-scalepopulationmovements.A.2B.3C.4D.519.AtthebeginningoftheBerlinBlockade,PresidentTrumanturneddowntheoptionof（）.A.sendingsuppliesthroughthehighways,protectedbytanksandtroopsB.sendingsuppliesthroughthewaterwaysC.startinglarge-scaleairliftingD.staringlimitedairliftingtotesttheSoviets20.In1900,theUnitedStatesrankedfirstintheproductionof（）.A.coalB.electricityC.oilD.wheat21.DuringtheWarofIndependence,Americaalliedwith（）.A.SpainB.FranceC.HollandD.Germany22.TheConstitutionalConventioninAmericawasattendedby（）.A.allofthe13statesB.allofthestatesexceptMarylandC.allofthestatesexceptRhodeIslandD.allofthestates,butlaterRhodeIslandwithdrewfromtheconvention23.PresidentTheodoreRooseveltmadeuseoftheHepburnActto（）.A.regulatefederal-fundedelectricityprojectB.maintainforestreservesC.regulaterailwaypriceD.bancorporationmerger24.IntheUnitedStates,HenryFordbecamefamous（）.A.becauseofhiswealthB.becausehesetuptheStandardOilCorporationC.becausehewasthefirsttoinventcarsD.becauseofhisModelTautomobile25.TheattitudeofmanyAmericanstowarddifferentpoliticalviewsafterWWⅡcanbedescribedas（）.A.followingthemaintrendofviewB.intolerantC.indifferentD.tolerant26.IntheU.S.,theRedScarerefersto（）.A.asenselesshysteriaaboutthedangerofcommunismB.afearofSovietsubversionC.asenselesshateofanythingforeignD.anintoleranceofanyideadifferentfromthemainstreamidea27.UrbanizationwasrealizedintheU.S.（）.A.in1900B.in1910C.afterWWID.afterWWⅡ28.IntheUnitedStates,thewinner-take-allsystemappliesto（）.A.allthestatesB.amajorityofthestatesC.allstatesexceptMaineD.onlyMaine29.InOldManandSea,Hemingwaypraisestheoldmansattitudetowards（）.A.defeatandfailureB.theseaC.hisworkD.nature30.InordertorememberGeorgeWashington（）.A.amemorialhallwasbuiltinhisbirthplaceB.amemorialhallwasbuiltinWashingtonD.C.C.atallwhiteWashingtonMonumentwasbuiltinthecapitalD.anexpensivecarwasnamedafterhim31.ThefinalbreakawayofAmericanforeignpolicyfromisolationismwas（）.A.thebombingofPearlHarborB.thefallofFranceC.GermanattackoftheSovietUnionD.thebattleofBritain32.IntheU.S.,thefastestgrowingminoritygroupis（）.A.theAfrican-AmericanB.theHispanic-AmericanC.theNativeIndiansD.theAsian-American33.ThenameCanadaisbelievedtobederivedfromanIndianwordKanata,meaning（）.A.asettlementB.acountryC.ameetingplaceD.acolony34.QuebecdiffersfromtheprovincesofCanadabecause（）.A.ithasthelargestpopulationB.itwasthefirstEuropeansettlementC.ithasastrongFrenchcultureD.itismorehighlydevelopedthanotherpartsofCanada35.Australiasmostcommonnativeplantsare（）.A.palmsandrosesB.willowsandsunflowersC.pinesandorchidsD.eucalyptsandwattles36.ThefirstwhitesettlementinAustraliawassetuponJanuary26,（）.A.1778B.1788C.1878D.188837.IrelandiscalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseof（）.A.itsshapeB.itsconnectionwithBritainC.itsabundantnaturalresourcesD.itsgreencountryside38.ThecentralpartofIrelandischaracterizedbymanylakes,lowridgesand（）.A.peatbogsB.rapidstreamsC.smallislandsD.highcliffs39.NewZealandconsistsoftwomainislands:（）.A.NorthIslandandSouthislandB.StewardIslandandLongIslandC.WestIslandandEastIslandD.VictorianislandandTasmanIsland40.NewZealandsclimateisgenerally（）andseasonaldifferencesarenotsogreat.A.dryandcoldB.mildandmoistC.hotandwetD.windyandcoldPARTTWO(60POINTS)Ⅱ.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)41.HowlongwasBritainundertheRomanoccupation?42.WhatisthemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsinBritain?43.WhatwasthepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEngland?44.WhichsportisregardedastypicallyEnglish?45.WhataretheprincipalfunctionsofAmericanhighereducation?46.WhatismeantbyOperationOverlord?47.WhyAmericansarealwaysonthemove?48.HowwillyoucharacterizeAmericanforeignpolicyintheearly1930s?49.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofCanadianclimate?50.Geographically,Australiacanbedividedintothreemajorregions.Whatarethey?Ⅲ.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)51.Stonehenge52.TheMetropolitanPoliceForce53.Foreclosure54.ChicanoⅣ.Writebetween100-120wordsonEITHERofthefollowingtopicsinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(10points)55.WhatisThatcherismandwhatarethemajorcomponentsofThatcherism?56.InwhatsensewastheWarof1812importanttothedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates?2005年試題答案I.1.A2.B3.D4.C5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.B12.D13.A14.D15.B16.C17.B18.C19.A20.A21.B22.C23.C24.D25.A26.A27.D28.C29.A30.C31.A32.D33.A34.C35.D36.B37.D38.A39.A40.CII.41.BritainwasundertheRomanoccupationfornearly400years.42.ThemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsistobringthewideexperienceofitstheprocessoflawmaking.43.ThepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandowners,whetherthetenants-in-chieforsubtenants,tooktheoathofallegianceforthelandtheyheld,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking.44.CricketisregardedasthetypicallyEnglishofsports.45.TheprincipalfunctionsofAmericanhighereducationareteaching,researchandpublicservice.46.OperationOverlordwasthecodenameforAllylandingonthesouthofFrance.ItwaslaunchedinMay,1944.ThedecisionoflaunchingOperationOverlordwasmadeattheTeheranConference47.Americansmovestoanewhomeeveryyearseekingnewjobopportunities,abetterclimateorsomeothergoals.48.Intheearly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationist.49.GenerallyspeakingtheclimateinCanadaisunfavorable.MuchofCanadahaslongandcoldwinterswithdeepsnow.50.TheyaretheGreatwesternPlateau,theEasternHighlandsandtheCentralEasternLowlands.III.51.Stonehenge:StonehengewasinWiltshire,constructedbefore2000BC.Exactlywhyitwasbuiltisunknownbutitmusthavehadreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.52.Themetropolitanpolice:ThepoliceservicefortheUnitedKingdomisorganizedandcontrolledonalocalbasisundertheHomeSecretaryandtheScottishandNorthernIrelandsecretaries.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontroloftheHomesecretary.Attheendof1993policestrengthintheUnitedKingdomwasabout28.000belongedtotheMetropolitanPoliceForce.53.Foreclosure:Foreclosureisthetakingawayofpropertiesofthedebtorasaresultoffailuretopayinterest.54.Chicano:ChicanoisMexican-Americans,thethreemajorHispanicgroups,historicallyhavehadthegreatestinfluenceontheUnitedStates.IV.55.Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherismbecamethefirstwomenprimeministerinBritain.HerpoliciesarepopularlyrefereedtoasThatcherism.Thecomponentsincluded:1)thereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,2)theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,3)theweakeningoftradeunions,and4)thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.56.ThewarhadgreatimpactonthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.1)Thewarmadepeoplerealizetheimportanceofastrongnationalgovernment.2)Thewarstrengthenedthefeelingofnationalunityandpatriotism.3)Foralmost10yearsafterthewar,theAmericansturnedtheirattentiontothedevelopmentofthewesternpartofthecontinent.4)ItmadebothBritainandUnitesStatesrealizethattheirdisputesshouldbesolvedthroughnegotiation.
解放軍文職招聘考試2015軍隊(duì)文職面試自我培養(yǎng)良好語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-0621:45:35形成個(gè)人良好的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，絕非一蹴而就，但軍隊(duì)文職考生有針對(duì)性地對(duì)以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)，并在軍隊(duì)文職面試中有意識(shí)地加以注意，對(duì)提高面試中公率還是很有幫助的。1.語(yǔ)調(diào)得體有些相同的句子，用不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)處理，可表達(dá)不同的情感，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生不同的效果，得體的語(yǔ)調(diào)應(yīng)該是起伏而不夸張，自然而不做作。2.聲音自然用真嗓門(mén)說(shuō)話(huà)，語(yǔ)調(diào)不高不低，不失自我，不僅聽(tīng)來(lái)真切自然，而且有利于緩解緊張情緒。3.音量適中音量以保持聽(tīng)者能聽(tīng)清為宜。適當(dāng)放低聲音總比高嗓門(mén)順耳、有禮。喃喃低語(yǔ)是沒(méi)有自信的表現(xiàn)，而嗓門(mén)太亮，既干擾環(huán)境，又有咄咄逼人之勢(shì)。4.語(yǔ)速適宜適宜的語(yǔ)速并不是從頭到尾一成不變的速度和節(jié)奏，而是要根據(jù)內(nèi)容的重要性、難易度，語(yǔ)調(diào)的高低及對(duì)方注意力情況調(diào)節(jié)語(yǔ)速和節(jié)奏。說(shuō)話(huà)節(jié)奏適中比急迫的機(jī)關(guān)槍式的節(jié)奏更容易使人接受。5.發(fā)音清晰發(fā)音清晰，咬字準(zhǔn)確，對(duì)一般人來(lái)說(shuō)不是十分困難的。有些人由于發(fā)音器官的缺陷，個(gè)別音素發(fā)音不準(zhǔn)，如果嚴(yán)重影響人們理解，或影響講話(huà)整體質(zhì)量的，應(yīng)少用或不用含有這個(gè)音素的字或詞。6.減少口語(yǔ)軍隊(duì)文職面試中在與對(duì)方交談時(shí)，過(guò)多的語(yǔ)氣詞、口頭語(yǔ)不僅有礙人們的連貫理解，還容易引人生厭。通過(guò)以上幾點(diǎn)，軍隊(duì)文職考生應(yīng)該能夠形成一種良好的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，為面試取得優(yōu)異的成績(jī)奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，
解放軍文職招聘考試罵遍四方真秀才-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-07-1813:23:54觀眾朋友們，大家好！本期《故事與法》，我們?nèi)耘f從故事里面引出一個(gè)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)法律的一些特點(diǎn)，那么今天我們講的就叫罵遍四方真秀才。在明朝的小說(shuō)《喻世名言》就是《古今小說(shuō)》里面，它在第28卷，李秀卿義結(jié)黃貞女，在這個(gè)小說(shuō)開(kāi)頭的時(shí)候，這個(gè)作者引了一段俗話(huà)，就是當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)中普遍認(rèn)同的，大家都當(dāng)諺語(yǔ)講的一段俗話(huà)，說(shuō)天下只有這三般口嘴極是厲害，天下有三張口是最厲害的，哪三張，第一張秀才口罵遍四方，第二張和尚口吃遍四方，第三張媒婆口傳遍四方。我們現(xiàn)在的讀者看了以后，對(duì)后兩個(gè)很認(rèn)同，和尚口吃遍四方，對(duì)和尚那張嘴，他自己又不勞動(dòng)，他到處去化緣，就靠那張嘴吃飯，所以吃遍四方，還是可以理解。媒婆口傳遍四方，這個(gè)也可以理解，媒婆走東家串西家，那張嘴里面沒(méi)有真話(huà)的，騙人到處騙來(lái)騙去，幫男的騙著女的，女的騙著男的，騙來(lái)騙去，搞那個(gè)中介，這個(gè)也是大家能夠理解。對(duì)于第一點(diǎn)，大家可能不大會(huì)認(rèn)同，怎么叫秀才口罵遍四方，秀才，我們現(xiàn)在不是說(shuō)知識(shí)分子、讀書(shū)人嘛，讀書(shū)人不是都是有知識(shí)、有身份的，有身份、有知識(shí)不是有教養(yǎng)，怎么會(huì)有這么一個(gè)罵大街的名聲在里面，秀才口罵遍四方，這如果說(shuō)作者自己在那里寫(xiě)，那可能是個(gè)作者受了秀才的氣，所以寫(xiě)在那里，那可能我們還可以理解，但這個(gè)作者不是這樣，這個(gè)是他引一句俗話(huà)，叫俗語(yǔ)道：天下只有三般口嘴極為厲害，秀才口罵遍四方，和尚口吃遍四方，媒婆口傳遍四方。顯然，秀才在里面是第一位的，罵遍四方是當(dāng)時(shí)這個(gè)社會(huì)上普遍對(duì)于秀才的觀感，是不是這樣？我們來(lái)看一個(gè)小說(shuō)里的故事，我們來(lái)看看這個(gè)秀才是不是有這么狠。《儒林外史》這個(gè)小說(shuō)專(zhuān)門(mén)是講秀才，這里面講一個(gè)，有一個(gè)小騙子秀才，小騙子秀才叫牛浦，牛浦頂著人家的名字，然后和另外一個(gè)秀才，他們到儀征旅行的時(shí)候，看到了一個(gè)帶方巾跟他們穿一樣秀才服裝的人，然后三個(gè)人談得很投機(jī)，那個(gè)人就提出要請(qǐng)他們吃飯，結(jié)果就到了儀征大街上最有名的大觀樓，里面坐下在那里吃飯。剛吃到一半，就看到這酒樓里面搖搖晃晃走進(jìn)來(lái)兩個(gè)秀才，前面那個(gè)秀才小說(shuō)原文是這樣的，前面一個(gè)穿一件繭綢直裰，是一件絲的袍子，但是胸前油了一塊，胸前一大塊油，也沒(méi)洗，很臟的。后面一個(gè)，穿一件玄色直裰長(zhǎng)衫，兩個(gè)袖子破得逛蕩蕩的，這兩個(gè)袖子都是洞，所以晃來(lái)晃去，不要看這兩個(gè)人破，不要這兩個(gè)人窮，這兩個(gè)人跑到這里面，他們現(xiàn)在這三個(gè)人在這吃的這個(gè)飯，這兩個(gè)秀才都吃不起，但是這兩個(gè)人狠，跑進(jìn)來(lái)就破口大罵，一把揪住剛才請(qǐng)客那個(gè)穿秀才服裝的人，上去啪啪兩個(gè)大嘴巴子，然后就是又打又罵，捉你去見(jiàn)官。為什么呢？原來(lái)請(qǐng)他們吃飯這個(gè)人，不是真的秀才，那個(gè)人是當(dāng)?shù)丶嗽豪锏囊粋€(gè)烏龜，他喜歡穿那個(gè)秀才，穿這個(gè)秀才服裝顯得有身份，他穿了秀才的行頭，結(jié)果被這兩個(gè)真秀才看到了，就是一頓打罵，打罵了以后，打得那個(gè)烏龜最后跪地求饒，你以為兩個(gè)秀才真的是為了捍衛(wèi)秀才的身份嗎？也不是，也不過(guò)就是要了三兩銀子走了，把他身上搜了半天，也就三兩銀子，拿了走了，你看在當(dāng)時(shí)的人們的印象里面，這個(gè)秀才就是穿長(zhǎng)衫、穿靴子，但是走在路上搖搖擺擺，別人不敢惹的，跟我們現(xiàn)在講的地痞流氓來(lái)了差不多，像黑社會(huì)一樣。這個(gè)實(shí)在有點(diǎn)搞不懂，那秀才不是讀書(shū)人嗎？讀書(shū)人為什么會(huì)這樣去罵人呢？為什么會(huì)在社會(huì)得到一個(gè)罵遍四方這樣的名聲？這里面我們就要對(duì)明清建立這個(gè)秀才制度我們講一下。解說(shuō)一：秀才是古代民間對(duì)讀書(shū)人的一種稱(chēng)呼，在官方的正式稱(chēng)呼里應(yīng)該是生員，意思是官辦學(xué)校里有名額限制的學(xué)生。我們現(xiàn)在一想到學(xué)生，就以為應(yīng)該是以讀書(shū)為主業(yè)的人，可是明、清時(shí)所謂的秀才學(xué)生，主要是指一種特權(quán)身份，讀書(shū)倒是在其次的事。那么，在古代，人們?nèi)〉眯悴诺纳矸?，需要?jīng)過(guò)哪些考試？考取了秀才身份以后，又能夠獲得哪些特權(quán)呢？罵遍四方真秀才，秀才何以罵四方？法律講堂正在播出。明朝跟清朝它建立的科舉制度里面，在那個(gè)制度里面，秀才所謂秀才，我們老百姓叫做秀才，實(shí)際上是指在這個(gè)科舉制度第一個(gè)階梯，就是通過(guò)了國(guó)家考試，然后能夠成為官辦學(xué)校，正式學(xué)生的這樣一個(gè)身份。明朝這樣規(guī)定，明朝清朝都是這樣的，每年在這個(gè)縣里面，舉行一個(gè)考試，由每一個(gè)地方官的長(zhǎng)官，主持考一個(gè)縣試或者叫州試，這個(gè)考試是由地方長(zhǎng)官主持的，參加報(bào)考的人，稱(chēng)之為叫俊秀，這個(gè)俊秀你長(zhǎng)得再丑也叫俊秀，你胡子再長(zhǎng)仍舊叫俊秀，然后在那里考試，考完了以后每年考一次，縣官發(fā)榜錄取，這個(gè)錄取沒(méi)有名額限制，所以縣官高興錄取多少就錄取多少，錄取完的人就稱(chēng)為叫童生，這個(gè)童生是讀書(shū)人第一個(gè)階梯，童生的任何地位都沒(méi)有，只不過(guò)承認(rèn)你是個(gè)讀書(shū)人，然后你就要考秀才，考秀才你一直考不取你就一直是童生，五十歲、六十歲胡子再白、再長(zhǎng)，仍舊是童生。做了童生以后，兩年或者三年然后由省里面的一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)教育的學(xué)政，他在省里面進(jìn)行巡回，巡回主持考試，那么他巡回到你這個(gè)地方，一般五六個(gè)縣，指定一個(gè)縣作為他的考場(chǎng)，然后在那個(gè)縣，這五六個(gè)縣的考生童生全都可以來(lái)報(bào)名參加這個(gè)考試，這個(gè)考試錄取難度就非常大，每個(gè)縣錄取幾個(gè)，每?jī)傻饺?，每一次可以錄取幾個(gè)，這個(gè)是有嚴(yán)格的名額限制。那么考取了秀才怎么樣呢？考取了秀才不得了，考取了秀才一下子就跟童生拉開(kāi)距離了，考取了秀才并不是說(shuō)你是讀書(shū)人，你現(xiàn)在是政府官辦學(xué)校的正式學(xué)生，而且你這個(gè)學(xué)生將來(lái)是準(zhǔn)備做官的，所以你就成為特權(quán)階層，這種特權(quán)我們現(xiàn)在看起來(lái)，這種特權(quán)也是好像沒(méi)什么意思，在當(dāng)時(shí)意義大得不得了。比如說(shuō)做了秀才你就可以穿長(zhǎng)衫，秀才有專(zhuān)門(mén)秀才長(zhǎng)衫，叫藍(lán)衫，長(zhǎng)的，袖子很寬大了，到了清朝就變成窄袖了，頭上可以戴一頂秀才的方巾，就是我們平時(shí)在很多影視劇作品，或者在古代壁畫(huà)，或者古代的美術(shù)作品里面可以看到，后面有兩根翅的那種，有兩根鸞翅的那種帽子，戴在頭上，上面鑲一塊玉，這個(gè)別人都不能戴的，這個(gè)是專(zhuān)門(mén)秀才的方巾，你如果平常人戴了，你是老百姓戴了，像剛才講的，那個(gè)妓院里的烏龜，那就是給真秀才看到，就是一頓打，這個(gè)是秀才能夠穿這個(gè)。另外一個(gè)秀才最重要的標(biāo)志，其他老百姓最多只能穿鞋子，不能穿靴子，秀才可以穿靴子。長(zhǎng)筒靴我們現(xiàn)在有錢(qián)就可以穿長(zhǎng)筒靴，古代不是，秀才才能穿長(zhǎng)筒靴，可以是布頭靴筒，也可以是皮靴筒，秀才穿。所以一雙靴子跟這個(gè)長(zhǎng)衫是秀才的標(biāo)志，所以《儒林外史》里面講，那個(gè)秀才胸口油了一大塊，他不舍得洗，因?yàn)樗赡苤挥羞@一件洗掉的話(huà)他就完蛋了，他就沒(méi)得穿，所以他只好盡管油著他還放在那里，表明自己的身份，那個(gè)靴子也是，那個(gè)靴子十個(gè)腳趾全在外面，他也不舍得脫，他也要穿，破靴秀才也是當(dāng)時(shí)一個(gè)標(biāo)志，秀才穿那個(gè)破靴子在街上走。除了這個(gè)衣著打扮以外，最明顯的標(biāo)志，可以免除對(duì)國(guó)家的徭役，除了你自己，家里還可以免除兩個(gè)。比如說(shuō)中國(guó)古代它這樣規(guī)定的，每個(gè)老百姓每年都必須為國(guó)家義務(wù)勞動(dòng)，這個(gè)義務(wù)勞動(dòng)也不一定真正要你去干，但是它可以折合成交錢(qián)，這個(gè)是如果政府不要錢(qián)，它就要你去干活，幫政府打雜，或者幫政府去筑長(zhǎng)城、建城墻、挖運(yùn)河，這個(gè)都你必須要去做的，秀才可以不去，秀才家屬可以不去，這個(gè)你們?nèi)チx務(wù)勞動(dòng)我不去，這個(gè)就是他的特權(quán)，另外一個(gè)更重要的特權(quán)，秀才看到地方官，所有的老百姓看到官員，看到長(zhǎng)官都必須跪在地上迎接，嘴里要稱(chēng)大老爺，跟這個(gè)長(zhǎng)官講話(huà)，都要叫青天大老爺，要叫老爺至少。秀才不用，秀才看到大老爺過(guò)來(lái)，看到縣官過(guò)來(lái)，拱拱手叫老師就可以了，這就是一個(gè)特權(quán)，我們現(xiàn)在看到這算什么特權(quán)，這個(gè)在當(dāng)時(shí)是了不得的特權(quán)，人家都跪在那里，你站在那里，這就是特權(quán)，就是站著的特權(quán)，你只要拱拱手，叫聲老師就可以了。另外我們現(xiàn)在看看也不咋地，也不怎么樣，但是當(dāng)時(shí)作為是很重要的一個(gè)特權(quán)。另外一個(gè)我們現(xiàn)在看看不咋地的一個(gè)特權(quán)，在當(dāng)時(shí)很重要的一個(gè)特權(quán)，秀才不受身體刑，你犯了罪，不打屁股，秀才犯任何罪，不受刑訊、不打屁股，犯殺人罪、強(qiáng)奸罪、搶劫罪、強(qiáng)盜罪這種重罪抓來(lái)，但是不能刑訊，要對(duì)他用刑審訊的話(huà)，必須要得到省里面的那個(gè)學(xué)道，那個(gè)教育主管部門(mén)的批準(zhǔn)，才能夠?qū)@個(gè)秀才動(dòng)用刑訊。還有一個(gè)特權(quán)我們現(xiàn)在看看也是無(wú)所謂的，還有一個(gè)打官司的特權(quán)，古代打官司，所有的原被告都必須親自到場(chǎng)，親自到場(chǎng)，縣官坐在這里審案，原告跪在這里，被告跪在這里，都必須跪在那里講話(huà)，秀才可以不去，秀才他有這個(gè)特權(quán)，一般的案件他不用去起訴，他不用親自去到庭，他不用出庭，寫(xiě)一個(gè)兩指寬的條子，交給傳給縣官，叫治生，在你治理下的一個(gè)學(xué)生，某某某，為了某事，請(qǐng)老師發(fā)落，他就可以了，這個(gè)就算是起訴了，他不用寫(xiě)那個(gè)正式的書(shū)狀，自己也可以不出庭，叫家里的一個(gè)管家，或者一個(gè)朋友代他去出庭，這個(gè)就可以了。如果萬(wàn)一他自己愿意去出庭，他就要跪在那里，但是他跪在那里，他說(shuō)話(huà)隨便說(shuō)，縣官不能打他，因?yàn)槟愦蛩阋ㄟ^(guò)省里同意，你要到省里報(bào)批準(zhǔn)的話(huà)，一來(lái)一回半個(gè)月至少，原來(lái)的縣官是要打誰(shuí)就打誰(shuí)，在縣里面，就是秀才是打不得的，所以這個(gè)就是特權(quán)。這種特權(quán)我們現(xiàn)在想想好像沒(méi)有什么物質(zhì)力，我們要知道，一個(gè)社會(huì)里面支撐我們生活的，并不僅僅是物質(zhì)，這個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)你的認(rèn)同，你在這個(gè)社會(huì)里面享有的特權(quán)，這種滿(mǎn)足感，這種成就感，在當(dāng)時(shí)非常追求這個(gè)，所以秀才可以很窮，很多秀才家里窮得揭不開(kāi)鍋。秀才可以很窮，但是他有社會(huì)地位，他有特權(quán)身份，所以絕大部分秀才他都是為了這個(gè)特權(quán)身份在考，在拼命地考試，他平時(shí)沒(méi)有錢(qián)，沒(méi)有社會(huì)地位，一旦考取秀才，盡管他沒(méi)有錢(qián)，沒(méi)有直接的物質(zhì)力，但是他獲得一個(gè)社會(huì)地位，物質(zhì)力有沒(méi)有？有那么一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，你做了秀才以后，每年必須要參加，理論上每個(gè)月都要參加考試，每個(gè)月參加一批考試，考試在平時(shí)那個(gè)成績(jī)里面，被認(rèn)為是好的，那么政府給你膏火銀，給你伙食費(fèi)，但這個(gè)名額非常少，在一個(gè)縣里面沒(méi)有多少，一個(gè)縣里面他要憑的，要連一年你都是優(yōu)等的，好，那就給你膏火銀，這個(gè)銀子不多，但是夠你伙食費(fèi)。這個(gè)也是很了不得，你連著幾年都能夠得到膏火銀，能夠得到政府的供應(yīng)伙食費(fèi)的，說(shuō)明你這個(gè)學(xué)業(yè)好，那么你將來(lái)選拔的時(shí)候可以?xún)?yōu)先上去。所以這個(gè)是秀才的一個(gè)特權(quán)地位，這個(gè)是靠考試考來(lái)的特權(quán)地位。所以在這里面他考試，很難講他這個(gè)考試是為了讀書(shū)，他這個(gè)考試很大程度上是為了獲得一個(gè)社會(huì)地位，獲得這樣一個(gè)特權(quán)地位。那么這個(gè)特權(quán)地位保證了這批秀才，他可以不受身體刑，縣官不能隨便打他們，也不能隨便罵他們，所以使得他們逐漸成為一個(gè)勢(shì)力集團(tuán)，在本地，成為一個(gè)勢(shì)力集團(tuán)，可以和官府抗衡的勢(shì)力集團(tuán)。秀才口罵遍四方，為什么秀才能夠罵人就這個(gè)道理，按照明朝清朝的法律不能罵人的，罵人者打十下，回罵者打十下，都要打屁股的，所以縣官可以說(shuō)你罵人打10下，但是只有秀才再罵人沒(méi)有辦法打，因?yàn)樾悴攀遣荒艽虻?。所以中?guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)里面講到秀才就是他不受一般法律約束的，看到官也不怕的。所以秀才在這里完全是在利用他們的特權(quán)身份，在作威作福，他這個(gè)作威作福的力量不是來(lái)自于他經(jīng)濟(jì)上的力量，來(lái)自于法律給予他們的這個(gè)特權(quán)的身份。解說(shuō)二：既然考取了秀才以后，就能夠獲得如此多的社會(huì)特權(quán)，這無(wú)形中增加了人們對(duì)于秀才這個(gè)特權(quán)階層的向往。為了獲得秀才這個(gè)特權(quán)階層的頭銜，通過(guò)讀書(shū)的途徑其實(shí)是很困難的。除此之外，人們獲取秀才頭銜的途徑還有考武秀才和捐監(jiān)，秀才之所以落得罵遍四方的惡名與這兩項(xiàng)制度可以說(shuō)有一定的關(guān)系。那么秀才是不是只要靠讀書(shū)？不是的，這個(gè)也是秀才后來(lái)被人罵一個(gè)很重要的原因。我們今天講的讀書(shū)的秀才，叫文秀才。還有一種秀才叫武秀才，你通過(guò)你是在武術(shù)方面有能力的，選拔做武秀才，將來(lái)考武舉人，將來(lái)還可以考武狀元、武進(jìn)士，將來(lái)出去做軍官，可以出去做軍官，但是絕大部分人武秀才不是去做軍官，因?yàn)樽鲕姽偬ｋU(xiǎn)了他就是考一個(gè)秀才，然后就可以作威作福，欺壓良善，只不過(guò)這個(gè)武秀才比文秀才難考，因?yàn)槲男悴胖灰x書(shū)就可以了，只要買(mǎi)些書(shū)買(mǎi)些紙就可以了，這個(gè)武秀才不行，你要買(mǎi)馬，你要會(huì)騎馬，你還要射箭，你個(gè)弓箭都是很貴的，還要有武術(shù)教師教你，你還要各種各樣的器械，而且還要吃得要好，你要體力好，所以傳統(tǒng)叫，貧文富武，武科舉考試它這個(gè)來(lái)的大部分都是富家子弟，有錢(qián)人子弟，每個(gè)縣武秀才也有那么將近十個(gè)名額。除了武秀才以外，明、清兩代政府還拿這個(gè)秀才可以買(mǎi)的，他經(jīng)常讓這個(gè)秀才去捐，賣(mài)給，去出賣(mài)秀才的頭銜，凡是遇到政府、朝廷、財(cái)政危機(jī)了，它就宣布一個(gè)特別政策，說(shuō)今年因?yàn)槟衬池?cái)政危機(jī)，所以今年老百姓只要肯出錢(qián)，出到錢(qián)就可以給他一個(gè)秀才的頭銜做做，這些秀才一般叫監(jiān)生，他不是給的地方上的那個(gè)，因?yàn)榈胤缴系哪莻€(gè)官辦學(xué)校員額都限制很緊的，他就算是國(guó)子監(jiān)生，就北京的國(guó)子監(jiān)生，他也不用到北京來(lái)，在地方上交了錢(qián)就是秀才，地方上的秀才，但是他這個(gè)名額算是中央給的，中央國(guó)子監(jiān)給的，每賣(mài)一批多少，我們現(xiàn)在搞不清楚，每賣(mài)一批，賣(mài)掉多少秀才頭銜，我們不知道，這個(gè)材料現(xiàn)在不是很全，但是他經(jīng)常會(huì)搞，尤其到了清朝變成定期了，每隔幾年搞一次，每隔幾年搞一次，就是你在十年之內(nèi)，你可以總要搞兩三次，價(jià)錢(qián)也不是很高，明朝的時(shí)候一百三十兩銀子就可以了；到了清朝乾隆年間，我們從《儒林外史》里面看到，是二百兩銀子；那么后來(lái)逐步逐步跌價(jià)，大概到了太平天國(guó)那個(gè)時(shí)候，大概是一百兩銀子左右就可以買(mǎi)一個(gè)秀才頭銜。那么不讀書(shū)的，讀書(shū)，不是為了讀書(shū)，讀書(shū)是為了獲得一個(gè)特權(quán)身份，靠拳頭粗、力量足武術(shù)好，也能夠獲得這個(gè)特權(quán)身份，拿錢(qián)買(mǎi)也可以獲得這個(gè)特權(quán)身份，所以我們現(xiàn)在講的這個(gè)秀才集團(tuán)里面，并不完全是以讀書(shū)人為主，里面有很多都是武夫，或者是拿錢(qián)買(mǎi)的商人，他們買(mǎi)或者用這個(gè)武夫去獲得，通過(guò)這個(gè)對(duì)武術(shù)方面練習(xí)的投資，來(lái)獲得這個(gè)秀才的身份，并不為了讀書(shū)，也不是為了做官，因?yàn)樗?，如果要去做官的?huà)，考試這個(gè)費(fèi)用很高的，也有些讀書(shū)人，秀才實(shí)在考不取，沒(méi)有辦法，先捐一個(gè)秀才，然后再去考，這個(gè)也有，但是這個(gè)比較少，絕大部分人拿錢(qián)就是買(mǎi)一個(gè)秀才頭銜，買(mǎi)了這個(gè)秀才以后，他就獲得特權(quán)身份。我們從秀才口罵遍四方這個(gè)我們也知道，秀才跟我們現(xiàn)在理解的知識(shí)分子完全是兩回事，他并不是以讀書(shū)為業(yè)，他既不是在讀書(shū)當(dāng)中，他并不是依靠讀書(shū)獲得知識(shí)來(lái)跟市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行交換，來(lái)獲得他的收入，來(lái)獲得他的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，像我們現(xiàn)在的大部分讀書(shū)人、知識(shí)分子，拿知識(shí)跟市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行交換，對(duì)這個(gè)社會(huì)進(jìn)行服務(wù)，然后交換獲得他的物質(zhì)生活來(lái)源，說(shuō)得再簡(jiǎn)單一點(diǎn)，出賣(mài)自己的知識(shí)。古代的秀才不是這樣，他自己根本就沒(méi)有知識(shí)，他只不過(guò)是保住一個(gè)特權(quán)的地位，而且這種特權(quán)地位表現(xiàn)的方式，他為了表示他有這個(gè)特權(quán)地位，所以他需要打人罵人里表示，他有這個(gè)權(quán)利，人家不能惹他們。如果他是個(gè)善良之輩，他不欺負(fù)別人，那至少別人不敢欺負(fù)他。解說(shuō)三：由于秀才這種特權(quán)身份的保護(hù)，秀才罵人打人，橫行鄉(xiāng)里，一般不會(huì)受到律的懲罰，不過(guò)，凡事也有例外的時(shí)候。罵遍四方真秀才，秀才、何以落罵名？法律講堂正在播出。清朝筆記小說(shuō)里面有一個(gè)故事很有意思，有一個(gè)武秀才專(zhuān)門(mén)就是橫行鄉(xiāng)里，欺負(fù)老百姓，有一天在路上走，看到一個(gè)農(nóng)民擔(dān)著大糞在那里走，結(jié)果那個(gè)農(nóng)民走到他身邊的時(shí)候，正好顛了一下，絆了一下，身體搖了一搖，糞桶里的糞就濺出來(lái)，濺到那個(gè)秀才身上，濺到那個(gè)秀才的長(zhǎng)衫上，那個(gè)秀才大怒，他自己也不高興打他，就揪住這個(gè)農(nóng)民，把那個(gè)農(nóng)民罵，那個(gè)農(nóng)民跪在那里跟他求饒，拖著農(nóng)民要到縣衙門(mén)，他說(shuō)，他侮辱秀才要打，要賠禮道歉，他向我賠禮道歉，磕頭賠禮道歉，原來(lái)是要縣官打這個(gè)農(nóng)民，后來(lái)那個(gè)縣官跑出來(lái)，你打他干什么，打你算什么呢？對(duì)不對(duì)，只不過(guò)把你衣服弄臟了，讓他洗干凈不就可以了嗎，你打他對(duì)你有什么好處，那個(gè)秀才想想，我不能讓他白白地臭了我，叫他給我磕頭?？亩嗌倏h官說(shuō)，磕一百個(gè)，縣官說(shuō)好好，聽(tīng)見(jiàn)沒(méi)有，這個(gè)秀才老爺讓你叩一百，你就給他叩一百個(gè)頭，咚咚咚那個(gè)農(nóng)民就給他叩一百個(gè)，等到那個(gè)農(nóng)民叩了七十多下，那個(gè)縣官就，等會(huì)兒等會(huì)兒，他說(shuō)秀才先生，我剛才忘記問(wèn)你了，你是文秀才是武秀才？那個(gè)秀才實(shí)際上他知道，這是當(dāng)?shù)赜忻囊粋€(gè)無(wú)賴(lài)，他說(shuō)我是武秀才，不對(duì)不對(duì)，文秀才被糞沾污了，要叩一百個(gè)，你是武秀才，武秀才要比文秀才折半，叩五十就夠了，剛才你叩了幾個(gè)了，旁邊兩個(gè)皂隸講，叩了七十個(gè)，不對(duì)不對(duì)，叩七十個(gè)多了，多叩了二十個(gè)了，把這個(gè)農(nóng)民扶好，把這個(gè)農(nóng)民起來(lái)，叫這個(gè)農(nóng)民坐在椅子上坐好，叫兩個(gè)皂隸按著他，你坐在那里，然后跟這個(gè)武秀才講，剛才他多叩了你二十個(gè)頭，你現(xiàn)在還他二十個(gè)頭，秀才哪里肯，結(jié)果這個(gè)縣官就下令，這怎么不肯，你剛才沒(méi)講清楚，你多要人家叩了你二十個(gè)頭，現(xiàn)在你還他二十個(gè)頭，你不肯，就叫兩個(gè)皂隸按著他，把他的頭按到地上，咚咚咚，給這個(gè)農(nóng)民叩了二十個(gè)，然后那個(gè)秀才又羞又惱跑掉了。這個(gè)縣官就在后面放聲大笑，這是一個(gè)清官、是一個(gè)好官，他有意折騰這個(gè)武秀才，文秀才他不敢的。文秀才不能這樣折騰，因?yàn)槲男悴攀亲x書(shū)人。所以秀才集團(tuán)里面，都有特權(quán)意識(shí)，但是文秀才他組成了更加緊密的集團(tuán)，文秀才有老師、有同學(xué)，有各種各樣的關(guān)系在朝廷上層，你這樣做了以后，他們會(huì)通過(guò)各種渠道，把你對(duì)他們進(jìn)行的侮辱，像這種侮辱，會(huì)傳遞上去，那你這個(gè)縣官就做不成，武秀才這種關(guān)系一般比較少，武秀才一般都是當(dāng)?shù)氐暮兰澖袩o(wú)賴(lài)，所以他這樣治他一下，也問(wèn)題不大，不會(huì)引起什么嚴(yán)重后果。好了，我們總結(jié)一下，秀才口罵遍四方，這個(gè)里面我們已經(jīng)再三強(qiáng)調(diào)了，秀才跟我們現(xiàn)在的讀書(shū)人是兩個(gè)概念，中國(guó)古代的秀才他是一個(gè)特權(quán)分子，他是靠通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試來(lái)獲得，或者通過(guò)武術(shù)練習(xí)來(lái)獲得，或者通過(guò)錢(qián)財(cái)購(gòu)買(mǎi)到他這樣一種特權(quán)地位。對(duì)于讀書(shū)本身來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)秀才跟讀書(shū)并不直接發(fā)生聯(lián)系，絕大部分秀才只是為了這個(gè)特權(quán)身份，而不是為了讀書(shū)，這個(gè)也就是中國(guó)，世界上最早的。理論上講你把他尊為秀才，給他特權(quán)地位，好像在尊重知識(shí)分子、尊重讀書(shū)人，但實(shí)際上也正是這個(gè)特權(quán)地位害了這個(gè)讀書(shū)人，害了知識(shí)分子，他成為一個(gè)封閉的既得利益集團(tuán)，這種既得利益不是物質(zhì)利益，他這個(gè)社會(huì)力量、社會(huì)地位以及他的社會(huì)影響力，他是這樣一個(gè)地位，而且他們也利用這個(gè)地位，非但沒(méi)有幫助整個(gè)社會(huì)前進(jìn)，在很多程度上，他們對(duì)于整個(gè)社會(huì)禍害，對(duì)于這個(gè)社會(huì)秩序的禍害，也使老百姓對(duì)他們的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)對(duì)他們的正面評(píng)價(jià)，以至于得出這個(gè)秀才口罵遍四方這樣一個(gè)惡評(píng)。好，我們今天通過(guò)這樣一個(gè)諺語(yǔ)，引出幾個(gè)故事，然后給大家介紹一下，中國(guó)古代有關(guān)讀書(shū)人的法律制度，希望大家喜歡，謝謝！
解放軍文職招聘考試2015年軍隊(duì)文職面試熱點(diǎn)：國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-3020:44:24國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算十二屆全國(guó)人大三次會(huì)議新聞發(fā)言人傅瑩4日表示，提交大會(huì)審議的預(yù)算草案建議2015年國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算比上年增長(zhǎng)約10%，增幅比上年的12.2%略有回落。消息一經(jīng)披露，立即引起國(guó)際輿論高度關(guān)注。針對(duì)我國(guó)2015年國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算預(yù)計(jì)比上年增長(zhǎng)約10%的情況，你怎么看？歷史是最好的教科書(shū)。在近代飽受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)蹂躪之苦的中華民族，比任何人都更懂得和平的來(lái)之不易。從昔日陷入積弱積貧、任人宰割的悲慘境地，到今天不斷開(kāi)創(chuàng)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)新局面，中華民族有能力為維護(hù)世界和平作出自己的貢獻(xiàn)。國(guó)防投入的適度增長(zhǎng)，對(duì)于堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路、奉行防御性國(guó)防政策的中國(guó)而言，其維護(hù)世界和平的能力必然隨之增長(zhǎng)。我國(guó)的國(guó)防預(yù)算是根據(jù)我國(guó)國(guó)防事業(yè)發(fā)展的實(shí)際情況而定的，雖然委員建議2015年我國(guó)國(guó)防預(yù)算比上年增長(zhǎng)約10%，但實(shí)際上我國(guó)的國(guó)防預(yù)算費(fèi)還偏低。一方面，對(duì)于我國(guó)這樣一個(gè)擁有960萬(wàn)平方公里陸地國(guó)土、300多萬(wàn)平方公里海洋國(guó)土、2.2萬(wàn)公里陸上邊界、1.8萬(wàn)公里海岸線的大國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，維護(hù)國(guó)家安全和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定的擔(dān)子并不輕松，需要大量的資金投入。另外，我國(guó)國(guó)家安全內(nèi)涵和外延比歷史上任何時(shí)候都要豐富，時(shí)空領(lǐng)域比歷史上任何時(shí)候都要寬廣，內(nèi)外因素比歷史上任何時(shí)候都要復(fù)雜。面對(duì)不斷增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)防安全需求，我國(guó)的人均國(guó)防費(fèi)只大約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的1/22、英國(guó)的1/9、日本的1/5，保持適當(dāng)適量的增長(zhǎng)實(shí)在是再自然不過(guò)的事。盡管有了一定的增長(zhǎng)，但相對(duì)于世界其他主要國(guó)家，我們的國(guó)防投入無(wú)論是占GDP的比重，還是國(guó)民人均、軍人人均軍費(fèi)，都是比較低的。世界主要國(guó)家軍費(fèi)開(kāi)支一般占GDP的2%到4%，而中國(guó)只有約1.5%，遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)的4%。從2001年至2013年，世界主要國(guó)家軍費(fèi)開(kāi)支占GDP的比重平均為2.5%，而中國(guó)僅為1.3%。我國(guó)的國(guó)防預(yù)算與其承擔(dān)的國(guó)際義務(wù)和責(zé)任相匹配。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)正承擔(dān)起日益繁多的國(guó)際義務(wù)和國(guó)際責(zé)任，走出去步伐日益加快。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)在亞丁灣索馬里海域的護(hù)航已經(jīng)常態(tài)化，經(jīng)常派出人道主義力量參加國(guó)際救援行動(dòng)，中國(guó)是聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)５個(gè)常任理事國(guó)中派遣維和軍事人員最多的國(guó)家所有這些，都離不開(kāi)必要的財(cái)力和物質(zhì)支撐。可以說(shuō)，中國(guó)軍費(fèi)每增加一分錢(qián)，世界和平與地區(qū)穩(wěn)定也會(huì)多一分保障。再說(shuō)，我國(guó)的國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)更加開(kāi)放透明，國(guó)防費(fèi)使用管理更加科學(xué)合理。這也是有目共睹的。我國(guó)正處于軍隊(duì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期，軍隊(duì)轉(zhuǎn)型特別是信息化建設(shè)需要較大投入，有限的軍費(fèi)主要用于軍事訓(xùn)練、武器裝備更新、官兵生活水平改善等方面。而人才是戰(zhàn)斗力的核心，人才的培養(yǎng)、吸引和保留，同樣離不開(kāi)財(cái)力保障。在國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平整體提升環(huán)境下，適當(dāng)提高軍人工資待遇水平，有利于吸引和保留優(yōu)秀人才，提升職業(yè)榮譽(yù)感，激勵(lì)廣大官兵更好地履職盡責(zé)。這些都需要增加國(guó)防費(fèi)來(lái)保障?？傊?，根據(jù)我國(guó)發(fā)展的實(shí)際情況增加國(guó)防費(fèi)用支出是符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的，也遵循軍隊(duì)建設(shè)和發(fā)展的規(guī)律，我們要保持這樣的一種狀態(tài)，以不斷提升維護(hù)國(guó)家安全、地區(qū)穩(wěn)定和世界和平的能力。
