解放軍文職招聘考試重要理論觀點-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時間：2017-09-26 15:18:33重要理論觀點（一）計算機用于企業(yè)管理經(jīng)歷了以下3個階段1、單項數(shù)據(jù)處理階段這是計算機用于管理的初級階段，主要是模仿手工管理，用于工資計算、統(tǒng)計報表等部分事務(wù)工作。原始數(shù)據(jù)的收集還保留手工方式，計算機只是局部代替了管理人員的手工勞動，使部分管理工作的效率有所提高。這一階段管理工作的性質(zhì)沒有改變，計算機的效率未能充分發(fā)揮。2、數(shù)據(jù)的綜合處理階段這個階段的第一個特點是開始應(yīng)用計算機控制某個管理子系統(tǒng)，并有一定的反饋功能。例如，在庫存管理子系統(tǒng)中，計算機不僅要統(tǒng)計倉庫日常的收發(fā)料量，而且要安排采購訂貨計劃，保證庫存物品既能滿足需要，又不會因缺貨而導(dǎo)致?lián)p失，作到盡量少占用資金。這樣計算機要計算最經(jīng)濟訂貨批量，制定各項物資的儲備定額，確定庫存的上下限，當(dāng)實際庫存量超過上下限時計算機能自動報警。這個階段的第二個特點是從單機 單用戶發(fā)展到計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上匯集、交換信息，通過交互處理方式使一臺大型計算機可以為多個終端用戶服務(wù)。這個階段的第三個特點是使用實時處理方法。把輸入數(shù)據(jù)從發(fā)生地點直接向計算機輸入，經(jīng)處理后得出的輸出 數(shù)據(jù)又直接傳送給使用場所。這是提高管理的實效創(chuàng)造了十分有利的條件并推動了管理向?qū)崟r性、集中化發(fā)展。3、數(shù)據(jù)的系統(tǒng)處理階段這一階段的特點是在管理中全面使用計算機。企業(yè)的各項管理業(yè)務(wù)都由計算機進行系統(tǒng)的處理，企業(yè)的主要信息都存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)，供各級決策者使用。在大型企業(yè)內(nèi)建立多級計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，即多級 多用戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在更大的范圍內(nèi)實現(xiàn)計算機資源和信息資源的共享，構(gòu)成一個管理信息系統(tǒng)。（二）計算機應(yīng)用于企業(yè)管理具有3個不同層次1、上層管理（戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃）它是通過建立在數(shù)據(jù)庫中的企業(yè)管理信息并結(jié)合現(xiàn)代管理方法，對重大戰(zhàn)略問題決策。所涉及的時間范圍是長期的，其決策項目涉及企業(yè)的經(jīng)營目標(biāo)、方針、政策等長遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃的決策。2、中層管理（管理控制）這一層主要是按照已定的戰(zhàn)略方針進行具體的計劃和組織。例如，編制年度的生產(chǎn)計劃和供應(yīng)計劃：平衡人力、設(shè)備、資金、材料等資源條件，以求得較好的經(jīng)濟效益；組織企業(yè)內(nèi)外各部門協(xié)作；掌握各部門的動態(tài)，通過分析比較做出指示等。管理信息系統(tǒng)主要是完成這一層的工作。3、基層管理（作業(yè)管理，運行控制）計算機輔助企業(yè)管理大多數(shù)是由這一層開始的。這部分工作量大面廣，專門用來處理經(jīng)常性事務(wù)，完成大量重復(fù)處理的業(yè)務(wù)工作。例如，賬目結(jié)算、編制統(tǒng)計報表、管理訂貨合同、倉庫貨物管理、人事檔案建立和檢索等。它是構(gòu)成戰(zhàn)略規(guī)則和管理控制的基礎(chǔ)。完成這一層任務(wù)的系統(tǒng)也稱為電子數(shù)字處理系統(tǒng)。四、理論評析計算機應(yīng)用于企業(yè)管理已經(jīng)取得了明顯的經(jīng)濟效果。首先，由于提供了完整、準(zhǔn)確的信息，提高了管理工作的效率和決策水平，使經(jīng)濟效益不斷提高。此外，計算機應(yīng)用于企業(yè)管理還可得到一系列的間接經(jīng)濟效果，如使管理體制合理化，管理方法有效化，基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)化等，這些都會給企業(yè)帶來難以估量的價值，會在更高的水平上推動企業(yè)管理的全面進步。
解放軍文職招聘考試The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理論半對半-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育
解放軍文職招聘考試The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理論半對半發(fā)布時間：2017-12-20 22:12:37The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理論半對半The 50-Percent Theory of LifeI believe in the 50-percent theory. Half the time things are better than normal; the other half, they re worse. I believe life is a pendulum swing. It takes time and experience to understand what normal is, and that gives me the perspective to deal with the surprises of the future.Let s benchmark the parameters: yes, I will die. I ve dealt with the deaths of both parents, a best friend, a beloved boss and cherished pets. Some of these deaths have been violent, before my eyes, or slow and agonizing. Bad stuff, and it belongs at the bottom of the scale.Then there are those high points: romance and marriage to the right person; having a child and doing those Dad things like coaching my son s baseball team, paddling around the creek in the boat while he s swimming with the dogs, discovering his compassion so deep it manifests even in his kindness to snails, his imagination so vivid he builds a spaceship from a scattered pile of Legos.But there is a vast meadow of life in the middle, where the bad and the good flip-flop acrobatically. This is what convinces me to believe in the 50-percent theory.One spring I planted corn too early in a bottomland so flood-prone that neighbors laughed. I felt chagrined at the wasted effort. Summer turned brutal---the worst heat wave and drought in my lifetime. The air-conditioned died; the well went dry; the marriage ended; the job lost; the money gone. I was living lyrics from a country tune---music I loathed. Only a surging Kansas City Royals team buoyed my spirits.Looking back on that horrible summer, I soon understood that all succeeding good things merely offset the bad. Worse than normal wouldn t last long. I am owed and savor the halcyon times. The reinvigorate me for the next nasty surprise and offer assurance that can thrive. The 50-percent theory even helps me see hope beyond my Royals recent slump, a field of struggling rookies sown so that some year soon we can reap an October harvest.For that on blistering summer, the ground moisture was just right, planting early allowed pollination before heat withered the tops, and the lack of rain spared the standing corn from floods. That winter my crib overflowed with corn---fat, healthy three-to-a-stalk ears filled with kernels from heel to tip---while my neighbors fields yielded only brown, empty husks.Although plantings past may have fallen below the 50-percent expectation, and they probably will again in the future, I am still sustained by the crop that flourishes during the drought.
