解放軍文職招聘考試重要理論觀點(diǎn)-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-09-26 15:18:33重要理論觀點(diǎn)（一）計(jì)算機(jī)用于企業(yè)管理經(jīng)歷了以下3個(gè)階段1、單項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)處理階段這是計(jì)算機(jī)用于管理的初級(jí)階段，主要是模仿手工管理，用于工資計(jì)算、統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表等部分事務(wù)工作。原始數(shù)據(jù)的收集還保留手工方式，計(jì)算機(jī)只是局部代替了管理人員的手工勞動(dòng)，使部分管理工作的效率有所提高。這一階段管理工作的性質(zhì)沒(méi)有改變，計(jì)算機(jī)的效率未能充分發(fā)揮。2、數(shù)據(jù)的綜合處理階段這個(gè)階段的第一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是開(kāi)始應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)控制某個(gè)管理子系統(tǒng)，并有一定的反饋功能。例如，在庫(kù)存管理子系統(tǒng)中，計(jì)算機(jī)不僅要統(tǒng)計(jì)倉(cāng)庫(kù)日常的收發(fā)料量，而且要安排采購(gòu)訂貨計(jì)劃，保證庫(kù)存物品既能滿足需要，又不會(huì)因缺貨而導(dǎo)致?lián)p失，作到盡量少占用資金。這樣計(jì)算機(jī)要計(jì)算最經(jīng)濟(jì)訂貨批量，制定各項(xiàng)物資的儲(chǔ)備定額，確定庫(kù)存的上下限，當(dāng)實(shí)際庫(kù)存量超過(guò)上下限時(shí)計(jì)算機(jī)能自動(dòng)報(bào)警。這個(gè)階段的第二個(gè)特點(diǎn)是從單機(jī) 單用戶發(fā)展到計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上匯集、交換信息，通過(guò)交互處理方式使一臺(tái)大型計(jì)算機(jī)可以為多個(gè)終端用戶服務(wù)。這個(gè)階段的第三個(gè)特點(diǎn)是使用實(shí)時(shí)處理方法。把輸入數(shù)據(jù)從發(fā)生地點(diǎn)直接向計(jì)算機(jī)輸入，經(jīng)處理后得出的輸出 數(shù)據(jù)又直接傳送給使用場(chǎng)所。這是提高管理的實(shí)效創(chuàng)造了十分有利的條件并推動(dòng)了管理向?qū)崟r(shí)性、集中化發(fā)展。3、數(shù)據(jù)的系統(tǒng)處理階段這一階段的特點(diǎn)是在管理中全面使用計(jì)算機(jī)。企業(yè)的各項(xiàng)管理業(yè)務(wù)都由計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的處理，企業(yè)的主要信息都存儲(chǔ)在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)內(nèi)，供各級(jí)決策者使用。在大型企業(yè)內(nèi)建立多級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，即多級(jí) 多用戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在更大的范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)資源和信息資源的共享，構(gòu)成一個(gè)管理信息系統(tǒng)。（二）計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用于企業(yè)管理具有3個(gè)不同層次1、上層管理（戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃）它是通過(guò)建立在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的企業(yè)管理信息并結(jié)合現(xiàn)代管理方法，對(duì)重大戰(zhàn)略問(wèn)題決策。所涉及的時(shí)間范圍是長(zhǎng)期的，其決策項(xiàng)目涉及企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)、方針、政策等長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃的決策。2、中層管理（管理控制）這一層主要是按照已定的戰(zhàn)略方針進(jìn)行具體的計(jì)劃和組織。例如，編制年度的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和供應(yīng)計(jì)劃：平衡人力、設(shè)備、資金、材料等資源條件，以求得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益；組織企業(yè)內(nèi)外各部門協(xié)作；掌握各部門的動(dòng)態(tài)，通過(guò)分析比較做出指示等。管理信息系統(tǒng)主要是完成這一層的工作。3、基層管理（作業(yè)管理，運(yùn)行控制）計(jì)算機(jī)輔助企業(yè)管理大多數(shù)是由這一層開(kāi)始的。這部分工作量大面廣，專門用來(lái)處理經(jīng)常性事務(wù)，完成大量重復(fù)處理的業(yè)務(wù)工作。例如，賬目結(jié)算、編制統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表、管理訂貨合同、倉(cāng)庫(kù)貨物管理、人事檔案建立和檢索等。它是構(gòu)成戰(zhàn)略規(guī)則和管理控制的基礎(chǔ)。完成這一層任務(wù)的系統(tǒng)也稱為電子數(shù)字處理系統(tǒng)。四、理論評(píng)析計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用于企業(yè)管理已經(jīng)取得了明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。首先，由于提供了完整、準(zhǔn)確的信息，提高了管理工作的效率和決策水平，使經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不斷提高。此外，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用于企業(yè)管理還可得到一系列的間接經(jīng)濟(jì)效果，如使管理體制合理化，管理方法有效化，基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)化等，這些都會(huì)給企業(yè)帶來(lái)難以估量的價(jià)值，會(huì)在更高的水平上推動(dòng)企業(yè)管理的全面進(jìn)步。
解放軍文職招聘考試The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理論半對(duì)半-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
解放軍文職招聘考試The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理論半對(duì)半發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-12-20 22:12:37The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理論半對(duì)半The 50-Percent Theory of LifeI believe in the 50-percent theory. Half the time things are better than normal; the other half, they re worse. I believe life is a pendulum swing. It takes time and experience to understand what normal is, and that gives me the perspective to deal with the surprises of the future.Let s benchmark the parameters: yes, I will die. I ve dealt with the deaths of both parents, a best friend, a beloved boss and cherished pets. Some of these deaths have been violent, before my eyes, or slow and agonizing. Bad stuff, and it belongs at the bottom of the scale.Then there are those high points: romance and marriage to the right person; having a child and doing those Dad things like coaching my son s baseball team, paddling around the creek in the boat while he s swimming with the dogs, discovering his compassion so deep it manifests even in his kindness to snails, his imagination so vivid he builds a spaceship from a scattered pile of Legos.But there is a vast meadow of life in the middle, where the bad and the good flip-flop acrobatically. This is what convinces me to believe in the 50-percent theory.One spring I planted corn too early in a bottomland so flood-prone that neighbors laughed. I felt chagrined at the wasted effort. Summer turned brutal---the worst heat wave and drought in my lifetime. The air-conditioned died; the well went dry; the marriage ended; the job lost; the money gone. I was living lyrics from a country tune---music I loathed. Only a surging Kansas City Royals team buoyed my spirits.Looking back on that horrible summer, I soon understood that all succeeding good things merely offset the bad. Worse than normal wouldn t last long. I am owed and savor the halcyon times. The reinvigorate me for the next nasty surprise and offer assurance that can thrive. The 50-percent theory even helps me see hope beyond my Royals recent slump, a field of struggling rookies sown so that some year soon we can reap an October harvest.For that on blistering summer, the ground moisture was just right, planting early allowed pollination before heat withered the tops, and the lack of rain spared the standing corn from floods. That winter my crib overflowed with corn---fat, healthy three-to-a-stalk ears filled with kernels from heel to tip---while my neighbors fields yielded only brown, empty husks.Although plantings past may have fallen below the 50-percent expectation, and they probably will again in the future, I am still sustained by the crop that flourishes during the drought.
